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<title>Priors</title>
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<description>AI와 머신러닝을 중심으로, 연구로서 의미가 큰 논문을 골라 읽고 그 논문이 남긴 질문을 적는 블로그입니다.</description>
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  <title>노드가 서로 다를 때 네트워크가 더 안정해지는 조건</title>
  <link>https://priors.kr/posts/2026-09-25-science-bridge-disorder-stability.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 

<!-- Quarto default title block plus the original paper under the subtitle (front matter paper.title, paper.link). -->



<section id="한-줄-요약과-선정-근거" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="한-줄-요약과-선정-근거">한 줄 요약과 선정 근거</h2>
<p>노드의 내부 동역학이 2차원 이상이면, 노드끼리 서로 다를 때 네트워크의 집단 상태가 더 안정할 수 있다. 무작위로 흐트러뜨린 파라미터도 자주 안정성을 높인다.</p>
<p>Science는 같은 호(393권 6817호)에 레이사 드수자(Raissa D’Souza)의 해설 Perspective “Noise and diversity can boost stability”를 함께 실었다. 동기화, 전력망, 생태계에서 따로 보고되던 “이질성이 오히려 안정성을 높인다”는 관찰을 수학적 조건 하나로 묶어 냈다는 점에서 골랐다.</p>
</section>
<section id="배경지식-세-가지" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="배경지식-세-가지">배경지식 세 가지</h2>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>야코비안(Jacobian)과 최대 리아푸노프 지수(largest Lyapunov exponent)</strong>: 평형점 근처의 작은 교란은 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cdelta%5Cdot%7Bx%7D%20=%20J%5C,%5Cdelta%20x">를 따른다. <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?J">의 고윳값 실수부 중 최댓값 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CLambda_%7B%5Cmax%7D">가 음수면 안정하고, 더 음수일수록 교란에서 빨리 회복한다. 논문이 쓰는 안정성 척도다.</li>
<li><strong>에르미트(Hermitian) 행렬</strong>: 실수 행렬에서는 대칭 행렬을 말한다. 대칭 행렬의 고유벡터는 서로 직교한다. 비에르미트 행렬에서는 고유벡터가 기울어지다가 평행해질 수도 있다.</li>
<li><strong>1차와 2차 노드 동역학</strong>: 쿠라모토(Kuramoto) 위상 진동자처럼 노드마다 변수 하나가 1차 방정식을 따르면 1차(1D)다. 전력망의 스윙 방정식처럼 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cddot%7By%7D_i%20+%20b_i%5Cdot%7By%7D_i%20+%20%5Ccdots"> 꼴의 뉴턴 방정식을 따르면 2차(2D)이고, <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?b_i">는 감쇠(damping)다.</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="무엇을-발견했나" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="무엇을-발견했나">무엇을 발견했나</h2>
<p>쿠라모토 모형 이후의 통념은 “진동자가 비슷할수록 동기화가 쉽다”였다. 그런데 전력망, 레이저 배열, 전자 회로, 뉴런 회로에서는 이질성이 동기화 안정성을 높인다는 보고가 쌓여 왔다. 논문은 이 모순을 다음처럼 정리한다.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>정리</strong>: 야코비안이 파라미터 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?b">에 대해 아핀(affine)이고 최적화 문제 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmin_%7Bb%7D%5CLambda_%7B%5Cmax%7D(J(b))">가 볼록(convex)이면, 전역 최적해 중 적어도 하나는 네트워크의 대칭을 모두 지킨다. 모든 노드가 구조적으로 같은 네트워크라면 그 해는 균일하다. 거꾸로 말해 이질적인 설정만이 최선이려면 문제가 비볼록이어야 한다.</li>
<li><strong>비볼록의 조건</strong>: 비볼록은 야코비안이 비에르미트일 때만 생기고, 넓은 부류의 비에르미트 시스템에서는 거의 모든 네트워크에서 생긴다. 2차 노드는 결합이 무방향이어도 야코비안이 비에르미트다.</li>
<li><strong>무질서의 효과</strong>: 방향 네트워크에서는 균일 최적점이 안장점(saddle point)이 될 수 있어, 무작위 섭동만으로 안정성이 좋아진다. 작은 섭동 가운데 안정성을 높인 비율은 방향 스몰월드(small-world) 네트워크에서 약 25%, 방향 순환(circulant) 네트워크에서 100%에 가까웠다.</li>
<li><strong>메커니즘</strong>: 균일할 때 서로 분리되어 있던 네트워크 모드가 이질성 때문에 섞인다(mode mixing). 무방향 네트워크에서 최적점에 도달하려면 야코비안의 고유벡터 두 개 이상이 평행해져야 한다.</li>
<li><strong>생태계</strong>: 일반화 로트카 볼테라(Lotka-Volterra) 모형에서 무질서는 경쟁 네트워크를 불안정하게, 상리공생(mutualistic) 네트워크를 안정하게 만들었다(분석한 네트워크에서 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CLambda_%7B%5Cmax%7D"> 다섯 배 개선). 상리공생이 우세하면 종 수와 연결 밀도가 클수록 이 효과가 잦아진다. “복잡할수록 불안정하다”는 May의 역설에 새 관점을 주는 결과다.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="ill figure"><div class="ill-panels"><div class="ill-panel"><svg viewbox="0 0 380 280" aria-label="위상 진동자 두 개를 양방향으로 이으면 야코비안이 대각선을 사이에 두고 대칭이다"><rect x="16" y="13.5" width="181.1" height="23.5" rx="11.8" fill="#d8f2f1"></rect><text x="23" y="31" font-size="13.5" font-weight="600" fill="#0b7f7c" text-anchor="start">노드마다 상태 하나: 위상 φ</text><circle cx="104" cy="106" r="35" fill="#d8f2f1" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="2"></circle><line x1="134" y1="106" x2="139" y2="106" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="130" y1="91" x2="134.3" y2="88.5" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="119" y1="80" x2="121.5" y2="75.7" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="104" y1="76" x2="104" y2="71" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="89" y1="80" x2="86.5" y2="75.7" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="78" y1="91" x2="73.7" y2="88.5" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="74" y1="106" x2="69" y2="106" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="78" y1="121" x2="73.7" y2="123.5" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="89" y1="132" x2="86.5" y2="136.3" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="104" y1="136" x2="104" y2="141" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="119" y1="132" x2="121.5" y2="136.3" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="130" y1="121" x2="134.3" y2="123.5" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="104" y1="106" x2="132" y2="106" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt" stroke-dasharray="3 3"></line><path d="M118,106 A14,14 0 0 0 112.6,95" fill="none" stroke="#0b7f7c" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path><line x1="104" y1="106" x2="125.5" y2="78.4" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="2.6" stroke-linecap="round"></line><circle cx="104" cy="106" r="3.2" fill="#0fa3a0"></circle><circle cx="125.5" cy="78.4" r="6.5" fill="#0fa3a0" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.8"></circle><path d="M117.6,64.2 Q99.5,54.7 87.8,63.7" fill="none" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path><polygon points="83.3,67.2 86.4,60.3 90.7,65.9" fill="#0fa3a0"></polygon><text x="104" y="128" font-size="15" font-weight="600" fill="#0b7f7c" text-anchor="middle">φ₁</text><circle cx="276" cy="106" r="35" fill="#d8f2f1" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="2"></circle><line x1="306" y1="106" x2="311" y2="106" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="302" y1="91" x2="306.3" y2="88.5" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="291" y1="80" x2="293.5" y2="75.7" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="276" y1="76" x2="276" y2="71" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="261" y1="80" x2="258.5" y2="75.7" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="250" y1="91" x2="245.7" y2="88.5" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="246" y1="106" x2="241" y2="106" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="250" y1="121" x2="245.7" y2="123.5" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="261" y1="132" x2="258.5" y2="136.3" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="276" y1="136" x2="276" y2="141" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="291" y1="132" x2="293.5" y2="136.3" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="302" y1="121" x2="306.3" y2="123.5" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="276" y1="106" x2="304" y2="106" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt" stroke-dasharray="3 3"></line><path d="M290,106 A14,14 0 0 0 288.8,100.3" fill="none" stroke="#0b7f7c" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path><line x1="276" y1="106" x2="308" y2="91.8" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="2.6" stroke-linecap="round"></line><circle cx="276" cy="106" r="3.2" fill="#0fa3a0"></circle><circle cx="308" cy="91.8" r="6.5" fill="#0fa3a0" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.8"></circle><path d="M307.7,75.4 Q296.1,58.6 281.5,61.1" fill="none" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path><polygon points="276,62 281.9,57.4 283.1,64.4" fill="#0fa3a0"></polygon><text x="276" y="128" font-size="15" font-weight="600" fill="#0b7f7c" text-anchor="middle">φ₂</text><polyline points="143,106 152,106 155.2,99.5 161.5,112.5 167.8,99.5 174.2,112.5 180.5,99.5 186.8,112.5 193.2,99.5 199.5,112.5 205.8,99.5 212.2,112.5 218.5,99.5 224.8,112.5 228,106 237,106" fill="none" stroke="#5a6272" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-linecap="round"></polyline><text x="190" y="89" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">결합 k</text><text x="56" y="223" font-size="15" font-weight="600" fill="#1f2533" text-anchor="end">J =</text><rect x="72" y="180" width="66" height="36" rx="5" fill="#eef0f4"></rect><rect x="142" y="180" width="66" height="36" rx="5" fill="#d8f2f1" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="2.2"></rect><rect x="72" y="220" width="66" height="36" rx="5" fill="#d8f2f1" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="2.2"></rect><rect x="142" y="220" width="66" height="36" rx="5" fill="#eef0f4"></rect><line x1="61" y1="172.9" x2="219" y2="263.1" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="1.4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-dasharray="4 4"></line><text x="105" y="203" font-size="14" font-weight="600" fill="#1f2533" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">−b₁−k</text><text x="175" y="203" font-size="14" font-weight="600" fill="#0b7f7c" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">k</text><text x="105" y="243" font-size="14" font-weight="600" fill="#0b7f7c" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">k</text><text x="175" y="243" font-size="14" font-weight="600" fill="#1f2533" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">−b₂−k</text><polyline points="72,174 66,174 66,262 72,262" fill="none" stroke="#1f2533" stroke-width="1.8" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-linecap="round"></polyline><polyline points="208,174 214,174 214,262 208,262" fill="none" stroke="#1f2533" stroke-width="1.8" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-linecap="round"></polyline><text x="232" y="194" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="start"><tspan x="232" dy="0">대각선 양쪽의</tspan><tspan x="232" dy="17.6">두 칸이 같다</tspan></text><text x="232" y="242" font-size="14" font-weight="700" fill="#0b7f7c" text-anchor="start">대칭 행렬</text><text x="232" y="260" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#0b7f7c" text-anchor="start">(에르미트)</text></svg><p class="ill-sub"><b>(가)</b> 1차 노드: 야코비안이 대칭</p></div><div class="ill-panel"><svg viewbox="0 0 380 280" aria-label="질량 두 개를 용수철로 잇고 댐퍼를 단 쌍. 야코비안은 대각선을 사이에 두고 대칭이 아니다"><rect x="16" y="13.5" width="200.3" height="23.5" rx="11.8" fill="#ece6fc"></rect><text x="23" y="31" font-size="13.5" font-weight="600" fill="#6245cc" text-anchor="start">노드마다 상태 둘: 위치와 속도</text><line x1="24" y1="130" x2="356" y2="130" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="24" y1="74" x2="24" y2="130" stroke="#5a6272" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="24" y1="78" x2="16" y2="85" stroke="#8b93a3" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line 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font-weight="400" fill="#8b93a3" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">0</text><text x="81" y="206" font-size="14" font-weight="400" fill="#8b93a3" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">0</text><text x="119" y="206" font-size="14" font-weight="400" fill="#8b93a3" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">0</text><text x="157" y="206" font-size="14" font-weight="400" fill="#8b93a3" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">0</text><text x="195" y="206" font-size="14" font-weight="600" fill="#6245cc" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">1</text><text x="81" y="232" font-size="14" font-weight="600" fill="#6245cc" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" 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transform="rotate(0 189.3 190)" fill="#1f2533" fill-opacity="0.2"></ellipse><circle cx="187.8" cy="181" r="9.5" fill="url(#dps-ball)" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.4"></circle><text x="254.3" y="231.7" font-size="13" font-weight="600" fill="#a86400" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">더 안정한 이질적 설정</text><text x="171.8" y="165" font-size="13" font-weight="600" fill="#2459c2" text-anchor="end" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">균일 (안장점)</text></svg><p class="ill-sub"><b>(라)</b> 비볼록: 균일한 설정이 안장점일 수 있다</p></div></div><figcaption>야코비안이 대칭이면 가장 안정한 설정 가운데 균일한 것이 늘 있고, 대칭이 아니면 없을 수 있다. 노드마다 상태가 하나인 1차 모형(가)은 결합이 양방향이면 야코비안이 대칭, 곧 에르미트다(b는 노드마다 따로 정하는 파라미터). 이때 Λ<sub>max</sub>는 (b<sub>1</sub>, b<sub>2</sub>)에 대해 볼록하다(다). 노드 번호만 바꾼 두 설정 (b<sub>1</sub>, b<sub>2</sub>)와 (b<sub>2</sub>, b<sub>1</sub>)은 높이가 같고, 둘을 잇는 점선의 한가운데 바로 아래가 균일한 설정이다. 볼록하면 이 점이 두 설정보다 높을 수 없다. 상태가 위치와 속도 둘인 2차 모형(나)은 결합이 양방향이어도 야코비안이 비대칭이고, 결합이 한 방향이면 1차 모형도 비대칭이 된다. 이때는 Λ<sub>max</sub>가 볼록하지 않을 수 있다(라). 방향 네트워크에서는 균일한 설정 가운데 가장 좋은 점이 대각선을 따라서는 가장 낮지만 가로질러서는 가장 높은 안장점이 되기도 한다. 그러면 대각선을 벗어나게 조금만 흔들어도 더 안정한 이질적 설정으로 내려가고(주황 화살표), 대각선을 따라 움직이면 올라간다(회색 화살표). 2차 모형을 무방향으로 이으면 최적점이 뾰족한 곳, 곧 미분할 수 없는 점에 놓여 경사를 따라 찾기 어렵다. 지형은 2차원으로 단순화한 개념도다.</figcaption></figure>
</section>
<section id="어떻게-했나" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="어떻게-했나">어떻게 했나</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>이론</strong>: 볼록 경우의 정리는 젠센 부등식(Jensen’s inequality)으로 증명하고, 비볼록성, 미분 가능성, 모드 섞임에 관한 명제는 보조 자료에서 증명한다.</li>
<li><strong>수치 실험 1</strong>: 2차 쿠라모토, 피츠휴 나구모(FitzHugh-Nagumo) 뉴런, 위상 진폭 진동자 등 여러 모형을 노드 100개짜리 무방향 전연결 네트워크(가중치 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?U%5B0,1%5D">)에서 최적화했다. 1차 모형만 균일한 설정에서 최적이었다.</li>
<li><strong>수치 실험 2</strong>: 방향 스몰월드, 척도 없는(scale-free) 네트워크, 실제 네트워크(예쁜꼬마선충 신경망, 먹이그물, 대장균 전사 조절망, 논리 회로 등)에서 균일 최적점 주변에 무작위 섭동을 1,000번씩 넣고 안정성이 좋아지는 비율을 셌다.</li>
<li><strong>수치 실험 3</strong>: 생태계 모형에서 무질서 세기와 상호작용 부호 비율을 바꿔 가며 네트워크 1,000개씩을 분석했다.</li>
<li>새 물리 실험은 없다. 평형 상태 하나를 정해 두고, 그 선형 안정성을 이론과 시뮬레이션으로 따진 논문이다.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="분야에서의-의미" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="분야에서의-의미">분야에서의 의미</h2>
<ul>
<li>동기화 분석의 기본 도구인 마스터 안정성 함수(master stability function)는 노드가 같다는 전제에서 모드를 분리한다. 논문은 이 전제가 지우는 모드 섞임이 바로 안정화의 원천일 수 있음을 보였다.</li>
<li>가장 넓게 적용될 결론은 방법론적 경고다. 다루기 쉽게 차원을 줄인 모형(1차 위상 모형 등)은 비에르미트 구조를 지워 이질성의 안정화 효과를 보지 못한다.</li>
<li>설계 관점에서 이질성은 없앨 잡음이 아니라 쓸 수 있는 자원이 된다. 전력망의 감쇠 배분, 드론 편대, 레이저 배열이 응용 후보로 꼽힌다.</li>
<li><strong>계보</strong>: 같은 그룹의 “대칭 상태가 비대칭 시스템을 요구한다”(Nishikawa, Motter, PRL 2016)와 이를 실험으로 보인 연구(Molnar 외, Nature Physics 2020)의 연장선이다. 덧붙이자면, 균일한 감쇠가 최선이라는 추측의 반례는 파동 방정식 감쇠 최적화에서도 나온 적이 있다(Freitas, SIAM J. Control Optim. 1999). 이번 논문의 기여는 이런 관찰을 네트워크 동역학 일반의 조건으로 정리하고 무작위 이질성의 효과까지 보인 데 있다.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="ml-연구자를-위한-인사이트" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ml-연구자를-위한-인사이트">ML 연구자를 위한 인사이트</h2>
<p><strong>1. 경사 흐름과 모멘텀은 다른 부류다</strong> (방법론 교훈, 직접 적용)</p>
<p>좌표별 가중치 감쇠 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?b_i">를 둔 경사 흐름을 최솟점 근처에서 선형화하면 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?J%20=%20-(H%20+%20B)">로, 논문의 1차 모형과 같은 꼴이다(<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?H">는 헤시안). 모멘텀(heavy ball) <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cddot%7B%5Ctheta%7D%20+%20B%5Cdot%7B%5Ctheta%7D%20+%20%5Cnabla%20L(%5Ctheta)%20=%200">을 선형화하면 아래처럼 논문의 2차 모형과 같은 꼴이 된다.</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?J%20=%20%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%200%20&amp;%20I%20%5C%5C%20-H%20&amp;%20-B%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D"></p>
<p>1차 근사에서 얻은 “균일한 설정이 최선”이라는 직관을 모멘텀 동역학에 그대로 옮기면 안 되는 이유다. 다만 논문의 정리가 라플라시안이 아닌 헤시안에서도 그대로 성립하는지, 실제 학습에서 차이가 얼마나 되는지는 확인되지 않았다.</p>
<p><strong>2. 뉴런의 이질성</strong> (원리 차용, 영감 수준)</p>
<p>스파이킹 신경망에서 뉴런마다 시간 상수가 다르면 학습이 더 안정하고 성능이 좋아진다는 보고가 있다(Perez-Nieves 외, Nature Communications 2021). 이 논문은 그런 현상에 일반 조건 하나를 제시하는 셈이다. 유닛 내부 상태가 2차원 이상이거나 결합이 비대칭일 때 이질성이 안정화에 쓰일 수 있다. 2차 진동자 유닛을 쓰는 순환망(coRNN 등)은 감쇠를 모든 유닛이 공유하는데, 이 설계를 다시 볼 이유가 된다.</p>
<p><strong>3. 대칭점은 안장점일 수 있다</strong> (방법론 교훈, 영감 수준)</p>
<p>균일한 최적점이 안장점이면 작은 무작위 섭동이 개선을 준다. 은닉 유닛을 모두 같은 값으로 초기화하면 학습이 대칭에 갇히고 무작위 초기화가 그 대칭을 깨는 것과 구조가 닮았다. 또 무방향 네트워크의 최적점은 고유벡터가 평행해지는 미분 불가능한 점에 놓인다. 스펙트럼 반경 같은 안정성 지표를 직접 최적화하는 문제에서 경사법이 같은 벽을 만날 수 있다.</p>
<p><strong>4. 생태계와 순환망 초기화</strong> (새 문제와 데이터, 연결 약함)</p>
<p>큰 무작위 시스템의 안정성을 무작위 행렬로 따지는 May의 논증은 순환망 초기화의 “혼돈의 경계(edge of chaos)” 이론과 수학적 뿌리가 같다. 하지만 이번 생태계 결과가 ML에 무엇을 더하는지는 아직 분명하지 않다.</p>
</section>
<section id="한계와-남은-질문" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="한계와-남은-질문">한계와 남은 질문</h2>
<ul>
<li>평형 상태 하나를 정해 두고 그 선형 안정성만 주로 본다. 큰 교란이 들어올 때 어디까지 버티는지, 곧 끌개 영역(basin of attraction)은 보조 자료의 몇몇 예시에서만 다룬다.</li>
<li>아무 이질성이나 돕지는 않는다. 논문의 2차 쿠라모토 진동자 쌍 예에서 이질성이 돕는 곳은 결합이 약한 영역에 한정됐고, 감쇠 차이가 커지면 오히려 균일할 때보다 나빠졌다. 한쪽 감쇠가 음수가 될 만큼 벌어지면 불안정해졌다.</li>
<li>무작위 섭동이 도울 확률은 구조에 크게 좌우된다. 허브가 있는 척도 없는 네트워크에서는 더 낮았다.</li>
<li>실제 네트워크 실험에서도 연결 구조만 가져오고 가중치는 무작위로 새로 매겼다. 실제 상호작용 세기에서도 같은 결과가 나오는지는 열려 있다.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="ill figure"><div class="ill-panels"><div class="ill-panel"><svg viewbox="0 0 380 300" aria-label="감쇠 차이에 따른 가장 큰 리아푸노프 지수. 가운데는 봉우리이고 양옆에 더 낮은 골이 있다"><defs><pattern id="dps-hatch-a" width="7" height="7" patternunits="userSpaceOnUse" patterntransform="rotate(45)"><line x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="7" stroke="#e5533d" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-opacity="0.55"></line></pattern></defs><rect x="58" y="50" width="300" height="51.5" rx="0" fill="#fce4df"></rect><rect x="58" y="50" width="300" height="51.5" rx="0" fill="url(#dps-hatch-a)"></rect><line x1="58" y1="211.9" x2="358" y2="211.9" stroke="#e4e7ee" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="51" y="216.4" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">−0.3</text><line x1="58" y1="175.1" x2="358" y2="175.1" stroke="#e4e7ee" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="51" y="179.6" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">−0.2</text><line x1="58" y1="138.3" 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218.5,109 216.5,107.5 214,106.1 208.7,104.6 208,104.6" fill="none" stroke="#a86400" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-dasharray="2 3"></polyline><text x="51" y="238.5" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">0</text><text x="51" y="146.5" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">0.05</text><text x="51" y="54.5" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">0.1</text><text x="58" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">−1</text><text x="133" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">−0.5</text><text x="208" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">0</text><text x="283" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">0.5</text><text x="358" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">1</text><line x1="58" y1="234" x2="358" y2="234" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="58" y1="50" x2="58" y2="234" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="358" y="272" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">감쇠 차이 Δb</text><line x1="58" y1="142" x2="358" y2="142" stroke="#1f2533" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt" stroke-dasharray="5 4"></line><polygon points="173.4,133.5 175.7,138.8 181.5,139.4 177.2,143.2 178.4,148.9 173.4,145.9 168.4,148.9 169.7,143.2 165.4,139.4 171.1,138.8" fill="#f29a1f" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linejoin="round"></polygon><polygon points="242.6,133.5 244.9,138.8 250.6,139.4 246.3,143.2 247.6,148.9 242.6,145.9 237.6,148.9 238.8,143.2 234.5,139.4 240.3,138.8" fill="#f29a1f" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linejoin="round"></polygon><text x="51" y="109.1" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#a86400" text-anchor="end">0.07</text><line x1="58" y1="104.6" x2="208" y2="104.6" stroke="#f29a1f" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="butt" stroke-dasharray="2 3"></line><text x="208" y="197.2" font-size="13.5" font-weight="600" fill="#a86400" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">이질이 낫다</text><text x="208" y="72.1" font-size="13.5" font-weight="600" fill="#2459c2" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">균일이 낫다</text><text x="301" y="135" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#1f2533" text-anchor="middle" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">K = 0.05</text><text x="358" y="34" font-size="13" font-weight="600" fill="#c63d28" text-anchor="end">불안정</text><text x="58" y="34" font-size="13" font-weight="600" fill="#c63d28" text-anchor="start">불안정</text><text x="51" y="34" font-size="13.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end" font-style="italic">K</text></svg><p class="ill-sub"><b>(나)</b> 이질성이 돕는 곳과 해치는 곳</p></div></div><figcaption>감쇠 차이가 두 진동자의 안정성을 어떻게 바꾸는지 논문 그림 1C의 예로 다시 계산했다. 고유 진동수가 같은 2차 쿠라모토 진동자 두 개를 양방향으로 잇고 위상이 같은 동기 상태 근처에서 선형화하면 ÿ<sub>1</sub> + b<sub>1</sub>ẏ<sub>1</sub> + K(y<sub>1</sub> − y<sub>2</sub>) = 0, ÿ<sub>2</sub> + b<sub>2</sub>ẏ<sub>2</sub> + K(y<sub>2</sub> − y<sub>1</sub>) = 0이다. 감쇠 평균은 0.75로 두고 b<sub>1</sub> = 0.75 + Δb, b<sub>2</sub> = 0.75 − Δb로 차이만 바꿨다. Λ<sub>max</sub>는 야코비안 고윳값 실수부의 최댓값이다. 두 위상을 똑같이 돌리는 방향은 늘 고윳값이 0이어서 뺐다. (가) K = 0.05일 때 Λ<sub>max</sub>는 균일하면 −0.17이고 Δb = ±0.23에서 −0.28로 가장 낮다. 이 바닥에서 고윳값 두 개가 겹치기 때문에 곡선이 뾰족하다. |Δb|가 0.44를 넘으면 균일할 때보다 나빠지고, 0.78를 넘으면 불안정하다. 이때 b<sub>2</sub>는 이미 음수다. (나) 이질성이 돕는 곳(주황)은 결합이 약해 균일한 쌍이 과감쇠인 곳(K &lt; 0.75²/8 ≈ 0.07)에만 있고, 결합이 셀수록 좁아진다. 점선은 가장 좋은 Δb, 가로 파선은 (가)의 단면이다.</figcaption></figure>
</section>
<section id="열린-질문" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="열린-질문">열린 질문</h2>
<ul>
<li>모멘텀 계열 최적화기에서 파라미터 그룹마다 감쇠를 다르게 두면 실제 신경망 학습의 수렴 안정성은 어떻게 달라지는가?</li>
<li>유닛 내부 상태가 2차원 이상인 순환망에서 유닛 파라미터의 이질성은 1차 유닛과 다르게 작동하는가?</li>
<li>미분 불가능한 최적점과 안장점이 섞인 안정성 지표를 학습 목표로 쓸 때, 무작위 섭동이 경사법보다 나은 조건은 무엇인가?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="이해-확인" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="이해-확인">이해 확인</h2>
<div class="quiz-q" data-answer="2">
<p><strong>1. 결합이 무방향이어도 2차 노드 네트워크에서는 이질성이 안정성을 높일 수 있다. 까닭은?</strong></p>
<ol type="1">
<li>2차 노드는 변수가 둘이라 계산이 더 정확해서다</li>
<li>야코비안이 [[0, I], [−L, −B]] 꼴이라 비에르미트가 되고, 그러면 최적화가 비볼록해져 대칭을 깨는 설정이 최선일 수 있어서다</li>
<li>2차 노드에는 감쇠가 없어서다</li>
<li>무방향 결합은 늘 불안정해서다</li>
</ol>
<div class="quiz-why">
<p>1차 노드에 무방향 결합이면 야코비안이 대칭이라 안정성 최적화가 볼록하고, 구조가 같은 노드들에서는 균일한 설정이 최선이다. 2차 노드에서는 결합이 무방향이어도 야코비안이 대칭이 아니라 문제가 비볼록해질 수 있고, 그때 이질적인 설정이 균일한 설정을 이길 수 있다.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quiz-q" data-answer="2">
<p><strong>2. “작은 무작위 섭동이 안정성을 높인다”는 효과가 나타나려면 균일 최적점은 어떤 점이어야 하나?</strong></p>
<ol type="1">
<li>전역 최솟점</li>
<li>미분 가능한 안장점</li>
<li>미분 불가능한 최솟점</li>
<li>불안정한 평형점</li>
</ol>
<div class="quiz-why">
<p>균일 최적점에서 Λmax가 미분 가능하고 그 점이 안장점이면, 방향을 고르지 않은 작은 섭동으로도 안정성이 나아진다. 방향 네트워크에서 이런 경우가 흔했다. 무방향 네트워크의 최적점은 고유벡터가 평행해지는 미분 불가능한 점에 놓여 경사법이나 작은 섭동으로 닿기 어렵다.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quiz-q" data-answer="2">
<p><strong>3. 생태계 모형에서 무질서의 효과로 맞는 것은?</strong></p>
<ol type="1">
<li>경쟁 네트워크와 상리공생 네트워크 모두 불안정해졌다</li>
<li>경쟁 네트워크는 불안정해지고 상리공생 네트워크는 안정해졌다</li>
<li>경쟁 네트워크는 안정해지고 상리공생 네트워크는 불안정해졌다</li>
<li>종 수가 많을수록 효과가 사라졌다</li>
</ol>
<div class="quiz-why">
<p>무질서는 경쟁 네트워크를 불안정하게, 상리공생 네트워크를 안정하게 만들었다(분석한 사례에서 Λmax 다섯 배 개선). 상리공생이 우세하면 종 수와 연결 밀도가 클수록 이 효과가 잦아진다. 복잡할수록 불안정하다는 May의 예측과 달리, 복잡하면서도 안정한 시스템이 무질서한 네트워크 가운데 있을 수 있다.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="논문-정보" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="논문-정보">논문 정보</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>논문</strong>: Arthur N. Montanari, Pietro Zanin, Adilson E. Motter, “Disorder-promoted stability”, <em>Science</em> 393(6817), 1241-1249, 2026년 9월 17일. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aeg3946">doi:10.1126/science.aeg3946</a></li>
</ul>


</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>사이언스 브릿지</category>
  <category>복잡계 물리</category>
  <guid>https://priors.kr/posts/2026-09-25-science-bridge-disorder-stability.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 15:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://priors.kr/posts/figs/2026-09-25-science-bridge-disorder-stability-share.png" medium="image" type="image/png" height="76" width="144"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>데이터를 나눠 학습한 확산 모델은 왜 같은 그림을 그릴까</title>
  <link>https://priors.kr/posts/2026-09-25-diffusion-consistency-rmt.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 

<!-- Quarto default title block plus the original paper under the subtitle (front matter paper.title, paper.link). -->



<section id="줄-요약" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="줄-요약">3줄 요약</h2>
<ul>
<li>겹치지 않는 데이터로 따로 학습한 확산 모델(diffusion model)은 같은 노이즈에서 거의 같은 이미지를 만든다. 이 논문은 그 상당 부분이 두 데이터가 공유하는 평균과 공분산, 즉 가우시안 통계만으로 예측된다는 것을 보인다.</li>
<li>랜덤 행렬 이론(random matrix theory, RMT)으로 보면 유한한 데이터의 효과는 노이즈 크기를 키우는 재정규화(renormalization) <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csigma%5E2%20%5Cmapsto%20%5Ckappa(%5Csigma%5E2)">로 요약된다. 그래서 분산이 작은 방향이 과하게 깎이고 샘플이 평균 쪽으로 끌려간다.</li>
<li>두 모델이 어긋나는 정도는 방향(비등방성), 입력 위치(비균질성), 데이터 크기(전체 스케일링)의 곱으로 나뉜다. 이 예측은 UNet과 DiT에서도 경향 수준으로 맞는다.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="선정-이유" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="선정-이유">선정 이유</h2>
<p>ICML 2026 Oral이자 우수논문 가작(Outstanding Paper Honorable Mention)이다. 심사위원회는 이 논문이 기묘한 경험적 현상을 생성 모델 재현성의 수학적 기준선으로 바꿨다고 평했다.</p>
<p>블로그의 연구 여지 지도(NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR 2022~2026년 논문 7.9만 편, 150개 주제)에서 이 논문이 속한 ‘확산 모델 이론과 샘플링’은 LLM 중심 주제를 뺀 109개 주제 중 16위다. 1위 ’MCMC와 신경 샘플러’, 3위 ’플로우 매칭과 정규화 플로우’와 함께 샘플링과 생성 모델의 수학 묶음을 이루며, ICML 2026 최우수 논문(High-Accuracy Sampling for Diffusion Models and Log-Concave Distributions)도 같은 주제에 속한다.</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>전후로 아는 것이 달라졌나.</strong> 달라졌다. 서로 다른 데이터로 학습해도 결과가 같다는 관찰은 있었지만, 어디가 왜 일치하고 어디서 어긋나는지 예측하는 이론은 없었다. 이 논문이 그 기준선을 닫힌 형태로 준다.</li>
<li><strong>새 질문을 여는가.</strong> 연다. 선형 이론이 설명하지 못하는 나머지 불일치의 출처가 바로 다음 질문이다. 데이터 공분산이 노이즈 공간에 축을 새긴다는 관찰은 시드(seed) 선택 문제로도 이어진다.</li>
<li><strong>일반화될 근거가 있나.</strong> 9개 데이터 설정(FFHQ, AFHQ, CIFAR, LSUN의 32, 64픽셀)과 두 아키텍처에서 같은 경향이 나왔다. 다만 모두 저해상도 무조건부(unconditional) 픽셀 공간 모델이다.</li>
<li><strong>증거가 주장만큼 강한가.</strong> 선형 모델에서는 이론과 수치가 거의 정확히 맞는다. 심층망에서는 경향만 맞고 불일치의 절대 크기는 이론보다 훨씬 크다. 저자들도 정성적 확인이라고 적는다.</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="왜-중요한가" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="왜-중요한가">왜 중요한가</h2>
<p>GAN이나 VAE는 같은 잠재 벡터를 넣어도 학습할 때마다 다른 이미지가 나온다. 등방성 잠재 공간은 회전해도 분포가 같아서 축의 의미가 학습마다 달라지기 때문이다. 반면 확산 모델은 결정론적 샘플러인 확률 흐름 ODE(probability flow ODE)를 쓰면 데이터 분할, 아키텍처, 초기화가 달라도 같은 노이즈가 비슷한 이미지로 간다.</p>
<p>이 현상은 일반화(generalization)와 암기(memorization) 논쟁의 한가운데에 있다. 다른 데이터에서 같은 결과가 나온다면 모델은 개별 이미지가 아니라 분포의 공통 구조를 배운 것이다. 그러면 결과물의 어느 부분이 공통 구조이고 어느 부분이 특정 학습 데이터의 흔적인지 가를 기준이 필요하다. 블로그의 해석으로는 재현성과 데이터 기여도(data attribution) 논의도 이 기준에 기댄다.</p>
</section>
<section id="핵심-아이디어" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="핵심-아이디어">핵심 아이디어</h2>
<section id="직관-평균과-공분산이-같으면-결과도-비슷하다" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="직관-평균과-공분산이-같으면-결과도-비슷하다">직관: 평균과 공분산이 같으면 결과도 비슷하다</h3>
<p>저자들은 FFHQ32를 3만 장씩 겹치지 않게 나눠 UNet과 DiT를 각각 학습하고 같은 노이즈로 샘플링했다(3장, 그림 1). 네 모델의 결과는 서로 비슷했고, 각자 가장 가까운 학습 이미지보다 서로에게 더 가까웠다. 암기로는 설명되지 않는 일치다.</p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><a href="figs/2026-09-25-diffusion-consistency-rmt-fig1.webp" class="lightbox" data-gallery="quarto-lightbox-gallery-1" title="논문 그림 1. (A) 겹치지 않는 두 분할(각 3만 장)로 따로 학습한 UNet과 DiT가 같은 노이즈에서 만든 얼굴(가운데 두 줄)과, 각 분할에서 가장 가까운 학습 이미지(위아래). 오른쪽은 평균과 공분산만 쓰는 선형 이론의 결과다. (B) 생성 이미지 사이의 거리. 분할이나 아키텍처가 달라도 서로 가깝고(빨간색, 주황색 점선), 가장 가까운 학습 이미지와는 멀다(초록색 점선). 출처: Wang, Zavatone-Veth, Pehlevan (2026), CC BY 4.0."><img src="https://priors.kr/posts/figs/2026-09-25-diffusion-consistency-rmt-fig1.webp" class="img-fluid figure-img" alt="논문 그림 1. (A) 겹치지 않는 두 분할(각 3만 장)로 따로 학습한 UNet과 DiT가 같은 노이즈에서 만든 얼굴(가운데 두 줄)과, 각 분할에서 가장 가까운 학습 이미지(위아래). 오른쪽은 평균과 공분산만 쓰는 선형 이론의 결과다. (B) 생성 이미지 사이의 거리. 분할이나 아키텍처가 달라도 서로 가깝고(빨간색, 주황색 점선), 가장 가까운 학습 이미지와는 멀다(초록색 점선). 출처: Wang, Zavatone-Veth, Pehlevan (2026), CC BY 4.0."></a></p>
<figcaption>논문 그림 1. (A) 겹치지 않는 두 분할(각 3만 장)로 따로 학습한 UNet과 DiT가 같은 노이즈에서 만든 얼굴(가운데 두 줄)과, 각 분할에서 가장 가까운 학습 이미지(위아래). 오른쪽은 평균과 공분산만 쓰는 선형 이론의 결과다. (B) 생성 이미지 사이의 거리. 분할이나 아키텍처가 달라도 서로 가깝고(빨간색, 주황색 점선), 가장 가까운 학습 이미지와는 멀다(초록색 점선). 출처: Wang, Zavatone-Veth, Pehlevan (2026), CC BY 4.0.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>눈여겨볼 대목은 따로 있다. 분할별 평균과 공분산만으로 만든 선형 예측기, 곧 위너 필터(Wiener filter)가 이 결과를 상당 부분 맞힌다. 가우시안 해에 가까운 샘플일수록 분할 간 일관성도 높았다(Pearson <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?r=0.244">). 반대로 두 번째 주성분 기준으로 데이터를 나눠 평균과 분산을 어긋나게 하면 일관성이 눈에 띄게 떨어졌다(부록 B.2).</p>
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stroke-width="0.9"></circle><circle cx="168.6" cy="147.7" r="3.4" fill="#f29a1f" fill-opacity="0.9" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="0.9"></circle><circle cx="177.3" cy="139.1" r="3.4" fill="#f29a1f" fill-opacity="0.9" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="0.9"></circle><circle cx="210.2" cy="157.5" r="3.4" fill="#f29a1f" fill-opacity="0.9" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="0.9"></circle><circle cx="175.3" cy="147.1" r="3.4" fill="#f29a1f" fill-opacity="0.9" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="0.9"></circle><ellipse cx="201.9" cy="157.6" rx="130" ry="37.1" transform="rotate(-162.1 201.9 157.6)" fill="none" stroke="#2f6fe4" stroke-width="2.4"></ellipse><ellipse cx="192.4" cy="151.3" rx="134.6" ry="41.2" transform="rotate(-159.6 192.4 151.3)" fill="none" stroke="#f29a1f" stroke-width="2.4" stroke-dasharray="7 5"></ellipse><circle cx="201.9" cy="157.6" r="4.5" fill="#2459c2" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5"></circle><circle cx="192.4" cy="151.3" r="4.5" fill="#a86400" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5"></circle><rect x="16" y="13.5" width="53.7" height="23.5" rx="11.8" fill="#e3ecfd"></rect><text x="23" y="31" font-size="13.5" font-weight="600" fill="#2459c2" text-anchor="start">분할 A</text><rect x="90" y="13.5" width="53.7" height="23.5" rx="11.8" fill="#fdefd9"></rect><text x="97" y="31" font-size="13.5" font-weight="600" fill="#a86400" text-anchor="start">분할 B</text><text x="357.8" y="224.5" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">분산이 큰 방향</text><text x="224.7" y="69.8" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="start" paint-order="stroke" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="4" stroke-linejoin="round">분산이 작은 방향</text><text x="190" y="288" font-size="13.5" font-weight="600" fill="#1f2533" text-anchor="middle">두 분할의 평균과 공분산이 거의 같다</text></svg><p class="ill-sub"><b>(가)</b> 겹치지 않는 두 분할</p></div><div class="ill-panel"><svg viewbox="0 0 380 300" aria-label="선형 디노이저는 입력을 방향별로 나눠, 분산이 큰 방향은 거의 남기고 작은 방향은 크게 줄인다"><line x1="83.9" y1="180.9" x2="358.9" y2="270.2" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-dasharray="3 5"></line><line x1="102.9" y1="218.1" x2="164.9" y2="27.3" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-dasharray="3 5"></line><line x1="112" y1="190" x2="286" y2="246.5" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round"></line><polygon points="293.8,249.1 283,251 286.2,241.2" fill="#c9cfdb"></polygon><line x1="112" y1="190" x2="258.2" y2="237.5" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="3.2" stroke-linecap="round"></line><polygon points="266.1,240.1 255.2,242 258.4,232.1" fill="#0fa3a0"></polygon><line x1="112" y1="190" x2="150.3" y2="72.2" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round"></line><polygon points="152.8,64.3 154.7,75.1 144.9,71.9" fill="#c9cfdb"></polygon><line x1="112" y1="190" x2="123.1" y2="155.9" stroke="#e5533d" stroke-width="3.2" stroke-linecap="round"></line><polygon points="125.6,148.1 127.5,158.9 117.7,155.7" fill="#e5533d"></polygon><line x1="334.6" y1="123.4" x2="293.8" y2="249.1" stroke="#8b93a3" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-dasharray="2 4"></line><line x1="334.6" y1="123.4" x2="152.8" y2="64.3" stroke="#8b93a3" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-dasharray="2 4"></line><line x1="279.7" y1="198.2" x2="266.1" y2="240.1" stroke="#1f2533" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-dasharray="2 4"></line><line x1="279.7" y1="198.2" x2="125.6" y2="148.1" stroke="#1f2533" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-dasharray="2 4"></line><circle cx="334.6" cy="123.4" r="7" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#1f2533" stroke-width="2"></circle><text x="345.6" y="128.4" font-size="13.5" font-weight="600" fill="#1f2533" text-anchor="start">입력</text><circle cx="272" cy="203.1" r="10" fill="none" stroke="#f29a1f" stroke-width="2.2"></circle><circle cx="274.5" cy="209.8" r="5.5" fill="#2f6fe4" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.4"></circle><text x="288.5" y="214.8" font-size="13.5" font-weight="600" fill="#1f2533" text-anchor="start">출력</text><text x="288.5" y="232.8" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="start">(두 분할이 겹침)</text><text x="260.1" y="266.1" font-size="13" font-weight="600" fill="#0b7f7c" text-anchor="middle"><tspan x="260.1" dy="0">큰 분산 방향</tspan><tspan x="260.1" dy="16.9">85% 남김</tspan></text><text x="113.6" y="144.1" font-size="13" font-weight="600" fill="#c63d28" text-anchor="end"><tspan x="113.6" dy="0">작은 분산 방향</tspan><tspan x="113.6" dy="16.9">33% 남김</tspan></text><circle cx="112" cy="190" r="4.5" fill="#1f2533" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.4"></circle><text x="104" y="210" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">평균</text></svg><p class="ill-sub"><b>(나)</b> 방향마다 다르게 줄이는 선형 디노이저</p></div></div><figcaption>평균과 공분산만 쓰는 선형 디노이저(식 2)는 입력을 주성분 방향으로 나눠, 분산 λ인 방향의 성분을 λ/(λ+σ²)만큼만 남긴다(나, 회색 화살표는 입력의 성분, 색 화살표는 남긴 성분). 그래서 분산이 큰 방향은 거의 그대로, 작은 방향은 크게 줄어든다. 두 분할의 평균과 공분산이 거의 같으면(가) 두 디노이저도 거의 같아서, 같은 입력이 거의 같은 곳에 닿는다(나, 파란 점과 주황 고리). 2차원으로 단순화한 개념도다.</figcaption></figure>
</section>
<section id="방법-선형-디노이저에서-출발한다" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="방법-선형-디노이저에서-출발한다">방법: 선형 디노이저에서 출발한다</h3>
<p>선형 디노이저(linear denoiser)를 학습하면 데이터는 처음 두 모멘트로만 들어온다. 최적해는 다음과 같다(식 2).</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbf%7BD%7D_%7B%5Chat%5CSigma%7D(%5Cmathbf%7Bx%7D;%5Csigma)=%5Chat%5Cmu+(%5Chat%5CSigma+%5Csigma%5E2%20I)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Chat%5CSigma%5C,(%5Cmathbf%7Bx%7D-%5Chat%5Cmu)%0A"></p>
<p>그러면 질문은 표본 공분산 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%5CSigma">가 데이터 뽑기에 따라 얼마나 흔들리고 그 흔들림이 결과에 어떻게 전해지는가로 바뀐다. 이때 결정론적 등가(deterministic equivalence)라는 RMT 도구를 쓴다(4.1절, 식 DE와 식 4).</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Chat%5CSigma(%5Chat%5CSigma+%5Clambda%20I)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Casymp%5CSigma%5Cbig(%5CSigma+%5Ckappa(%5Clambda)%20I%5Cbig)%5E%7B-1%7D,%5Cqquad%0A%5Ckappa(%5Clambda)-%5Clambda=%5Cgamma%5C,%5Ckappa(%5Clambda)%5C,%5Cmathrm%7Btr%7D%5Cbig%5B%5CSigma(%5CSigma+%5Ckappa(%5Clambda)I)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cbig%5D%0A"></p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cgamma=d/n">은 차원 대 표본 수의 비, tr은 정규화된 대각합이다. 표본 공분산의 무작위성을 노이즈가 실제보다 큰 것처럼 스칼라 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ckappa"> 하나에 흡수한다는 것이 핵심이다. 식에서 바로 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ckappa(%5Clambda)%3E%5Clambda">가 나오며, 이 효과는 노이즈가 작을수록, 표본이 차원에 비해 적을수록 커진다.</p>
<p>그래서 디노이저의 기댓값은 노이즈를 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ckappa(%5Csigma%5E2)">로 키운 모집단 디노이저와 같아진다(결과 4.1, 식 6). 적응형 릿지(ridge) 벌점을 더한 셈이어서, 분산이 작은 방향인 세부 묘사를 노이즈로 보고 더 세게 깎아 출력을 평균 쪽으로 끌어당긴다.</p>
<p>최종 샘플에는 행렬 제곱근이 들어간다. 저자들은 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%5CSigma%5E%7B1/2%7D=%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cint_0%5E%5Cinfty%20%5Chat%5CSigma(%5Chat%5CSigma+u%5E2%20I)%5E%7B-1%7D%5C,du">로 제곱근을 디노이저 모양의 적분으로 바꿔 같은 도구를 적용했다(5장, 부록 C.4). 그 결과 과수축(overshrinkage)이 모든 노이즈 스케일에 걸쳐 합쳐진 형태로 샘플에 나타난다(결과 5.1, 식 9).</p>
</section>
<section id="수식-어디서-어긋나는가" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="수식-어디서-어긋나는가">수식: 어디서 어긋나는가</h3>
<p>분할 간 흔들림, 즉 분산은 세 요인의 곱으로 나뉜다(결과 4.2, 식 7). 아래에서 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ckappa=%5Ckappa(%5Csigma%5E2)">이고 표기는 원문보다 조금 줄였다.</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathrm%7BVar%7D_%7B%5Chat%5CSigma%7D%5Cbig%5B%5Cmathbf%7Bv%7D%5E%5Ctop%5Cmathbf%7BD%7D_%7B%5Chat%5CSigma%7D(%5Cmathbf%7Bx%7D;%5Csigma)%5Cbig%5D%5Casymp%0A%5Cfrac%7B%5Ckappa%5E2%7D%7Bn-%5Cmathrm%7Bdf%7D_2(%5Ckappa)%7D%5C;%0A%5Cunderbrace%7B%5CDiamond(%5Cmathbf%7Bv%7D)%7D_%7B%5Ctext%7Banisotropy%7D%7D%5C;%0A%5Cunderbrace%7B%5CDiamond(%5Cmathbf%7Bx%7D-%5Cmu)%7D_%7B%5Ctext%7Binhomogeneity%7D%7D,%0A%5Cqquad%20%5CDiamond(%5Cmathbf%7Bu%7D)=%5Cmathbf%7Bu%7D%5E%5Ctop(%5CSigma+%5Ckappa%20I)%5E%7B-2%7D%5CSigma%5C,%5Cmathbf%7Bu%7D%0A"></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>비등방성(anisotropy)</strong>: 고윳값 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Clambda_k">인 주성분 방향에서 이 항은 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Clambda_k/(%5Clambda_k+%5Ckappa)%5E2">이고 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Clambda_k=%5Ckappa">에서 최대다. 즉 가장 흔들리는 방향은 분산이 재정규화된 노이즈와 비슷한 방향이다. 그래서 노이즈가 크면 얼굴 윤곽 같은 저주파에서, 작으면 반사광 같은 고주파 세부에서 두 모델이 어긋난다.</li>
<li><strong>비균질성(inhomogeneity)</strong>: 입력이 분산이 큰 방향으로 평균에서 멀리 있을수록 불일치가 크다. 덕분에 입력별 불일치를 점 단위로 예측할 수 있고, 선형 디노이저에서 예측과 실제의 상관은 Pearson <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?r=0.94">였다(<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csigma%5E2=1">, <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n=1000">).</li>
<li><strong>전체 스케일링(global scaling)</strong>: 데이터가 많으면 분산은 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?1/n">로 줄고, 적을 때는 재정규화가 이 스케일링을 바꾼다.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="ill figure"><div class="ill-panels"><div class="ill-panel"><svg viewbox="0 0 380 300" aria-label="주성분별로 남기는 비율. 유한한 데이터에서는 분산이 작은 방향이 더 많이 줄어든다"><line x1="52" y1="234" x2="356" y2="234" stroke="#e4e7ee" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="45" y="238.5" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">0</text><line x1="52" y1="139" x2="356" y2="139" stroke="#e4e7ee" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="45" y="143.5" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">0.5</text><line x1="52" y1="44" x2="356" y2="44" stroke="#e4e7ee" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="45" y="48.5" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">1</text><text x="52" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">1</text><text x="153.3" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">10</text><text x="254.7" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">100</text><text x="356" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">1,000</text><line x1="52" y1="234" x2="356" y2="234" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="52" y1="44" x2="52" y2="234" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="356" y="272" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">주성분 순서 (분산 큰 순)</text><text x="45" y="32" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="start">남기는 비율</text><polygon points="52,44.2 82.5,44.4 100.3,44.7 113,45 122.8,45.3 130.9,45.6 137.6,45.9 143.5,46.3 148.7,46.6 153.3,47 157.5,47.3 161.4,47.7 164.9,48 168.1,48.4 171.2,48.8 174,49.1 176.7,49.5 179.2,49.9 181.6,50.3 183.8,50.7 186,51.1 188,51.5 190,51.8 191.9,52.2 193.7,52.6 195.4,53 197,53.4 198.6,53.8 200.2,54.2 201.7,54.6 203.1,55 204.5,55.4 205.9,55.8 207.2,56.2 208.5,56.6 209.7,57 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331.9,223.6 332,223.6 332,223.6 332.1,223.6 332.2,223.7 332.3,223.7 332.3,223.7 332.4,223.7 332.5,223.7 332.6,223.8 332.6,223.8 332.7,223.8 332.8,223.8 332.9,223.8 332.9,223.9 333,223.9 333.1,223.9 333.2,223.9 333.2,223.9 333.3,224 333.4,224 333.4,224 333.5,224 333.6,224 333.7,224.1 333.7,224.1 333.8,224.1 333.9,224.1 334,224.1 334,224.1 334.1,224.2 334.2,224.2 334.2,224.2 334.3,224.2 334.4,224.2 334.5,224.3 334.5,224.3 334.6,224.3 334.7,224.3 334.7,224.3 334.8,224.3 334.9,224.4 335,224.4 335,224.4 335.1,224.4 335.2,224.4 335.2,224.5 335.3,224.5 335.4,224.5 335.5,224.5 335.5,224.5 335.6,224.5 335.7,224.6 335.7,224.6 335.8,224.6 335.9,224.6 335.9,224.6 336,224.6 336.1,224.7 336.2,224.7 336.2,224.7 336.3,224.7 336.4,224.7 336.4,224.7 336.5,224.8 336.6,224.8 336.6,224.8 336.7,224.8 336.8,224.8 336.8,224.8 336.9,224.9 337,224.9 337,224.9 337.1,224.9 337.2,224.9 337.2,224.9 337.3,225 337.4,225 337.4,225 337.5,225 337.6,225 337.6,225 337.7,225 337.8,225.1 337.8,225.1 337.9,225.1 338,225.1 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352.4,227.9 352.4,227.9 352.5,227.9 352.5,227.9 352.6,227.9 352.6,227.9 352.7,227.9 352.7,228 352.8,228 352.8,228 352.9,228 352.9,228 352.9,228 353,228 353,228 353.1,228 353.1,228 353.2,228 353.2,228 353.3,228 353.3,228.1 353.4,228.1 353.4,228.1 353.5,228.1 353.5,228.1 353.6,228.1 353.6,228.1 353.6,228.1 353.7,228.1 353.7,228.1 353.8,228.1 353.8,228.1 353.9,228.1 353.9,228.1 354,228.2 354,228.2 354.1,228.2 354.1,228.2 354.2,228.2 354.2,228.2 354.2,228.2 354.3,228.2 354.3,228.2 354.4,228.2 354.4,228.2 354.5,228.2 354.5,228.2 354.6,228.2 354.6,228.3 354.7,228.3 354.7,228.3 354.8,228.3 354.8,228.3 354.8,228.3 354.9,228.3 354.9,228.3 355,228.3 355,228.3 355.1,228.3 355.1,228.3 355.2,228.3 355.2,228.3 355.2,228.3 355.3,228.4 355.3,228.4 355.4,228.4 355.4,228.4 355.5,228.4 355.5,228.4 355.6,228.4 355.6,228.4 355.6,228.4 355.7,228.4 355.7,228.4 355.8,228.4 355.8,228.4 355.9,228.4 355.9,228.4 356,228.5 356,228.5" fill="none" stroke="#e5533d" stroke-width="2.8" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-linecap="round"></polyline><line x1="65.2" y1="130.7" x2="87.2" y2="130.7" stroke="#0fa3a0" stroke-width="2.8" stroke-linecap="round"></line><text x="93.2" y="135.2" font-size="13" font-weight="600" fill="#0b7f7c" text-anchor="start">데이터가 무한할 때 λ/(λ+σ²)</text><line x1="65.2" y1="152.7" x2="87.2" y2="152.7" stroke="#e5533d" stroke-width="2.8" stroke-linecap="round"></line><text x="93.2" y="157.2" font-size="13" font-weight="600" fill="#c63d28" text-anchor="start">표본이 유한할 때 λ/(λ+κ)</text><text x="65.2" y="187.2" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="start">κ(σ²) ≈ 8.4 × σ²</text><text x="65.2" y="205.2" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="start">색칠한 만큼 더 깎인다</text></svg><p class="ill-sub"><b>(가)</b> 유한한 데이터의 과수축</p></div><div class="ill-panel"><svg viewbox="0 0 380 300" aria-label="두 분할이 가장 크게 어긋나는 주성분. 노이즈가 크면 앞쪽, 작으면 뒤쪽에서 가장 크다"><line x1="52" y1="234" x2="356" y2="234" stroke="#e4e7ee" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="45" y="238.5" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">0</text><line x1="52" y1="147" x2="356" y2="147" stroke="#e4e7ee" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="45" y="151.5" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">0.5</text><line x1="52" y1="60" x2="356" y2="60" stroke="#e4e7ee" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="45" y="64.5" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">1</text><text x="52" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">1</text><text x="153.3" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">10</text><text x="254.7" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">100</text><text x="356" y="252" font-size="12.5" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="middle">1,000</text><line x1="52" y1="234" x2="356" y2="234" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><line x1="52" y1="60" x2="52" y2="234" stroke="#c9cfdb" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="butt"></line><text x="356" y="272" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="end">주성분 순서 (분산 큰 순)</text><text x="45" y="24" font-size="13" font-weight="400" fill="#5a6272" text-anchor="start">어긋남 (최대 1)</text><polyline points="52,194.9 82.5,156.7 100.3,126.1 113,103.2 122.8,86.6 130.9,75.1 137.6,67.5 143.5,62.9 148.7,60.6 153.3,60 157.5,60.6 161.4,62.2 164.9,64.4 168.1,67.1 171.2,70.1 174,73.4 176.7,76.8 179.2,80.3 181.6,83.8 183.8,87.3 186,90.7 188,94.2 190,97.5 191.9,100.8 193.7,103.9 195.4,107 197,110 198.6,112.9 200.2,115.8 201.7,118.5 203.1,121.1 204.5,123.7 205.9,126.1 207.2,128.5 208.5,130.8 209.7,133 210.9,135.2 212.1,137.2 213.2,139.2 214.3,141.2 215.4,143 216.5,144.8 217.5,146.6 218.5,148.3 219.5,149.9 220.5,151.5 221.4,153.1 222.4,154.5 223.3,156 224.2,157.4 225,158.7 225.9,160 226.7,161.3 227.5,162.6 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306.5,163.4 306.7,163.6 306.8,163.8 306.9,164 307.1,164.2 307.2,164.4 307.3,164.6 307.5,164.8 307.6,165 307.7,165.2 307.9,165.4 308,165.5 308.1,165.7 308.3,165.9 308.4,166.1 308.5,166.3 308.7,166.5 308.8,166.7 308.9,166.9 309,167 309.2,167.2 309.3,167.4 309.4,167.6 309.5,167.8 309.7,167.9 309.8,168.1 309.9,168.3 310,168.5 310.2,168.7 310.3,168.8 310.4,169 310.5,169.2 310.7,169.4 310.8,169.5 310.9,169.7 311,169.9 311.2,170 311.3,170.2 311.4,170.4 311.5,170.5 311.6,170.7 311.8,170.9 311.9,171 312,171.2 312.1,171.4 312.2,171.5 312.4,171.7 312.5,171.8 312.6,172 312.7,172.2 312.8,172.3 313,172.5 313.1,172.6 313.2,172.8 313.3,173 313.4,173.1 313.5,173.3 313.6,173.4 313.8,173.6 313.9,173.7 314,173.9 314.1,174 314.2,174.2 314.3,174.3 314.4,174.5 314.6,174.6 314.7,174.8 314.8,174.9 314.9,175.1 315,175.2 315.1,175.4 315.2,175.5 315.3,175.6 315.5,175.8 315.6,175.9 315.7,176.1 315.8,176.2 315.9,176.4 316,176.5 316.1,176.6 316.2,176.8 316.3,176.9 316.4,177.1 316.5,177.2 316.7,177.3 316.8,177.5 316.9,177.6 317,177.7 317.1,177.9 317.2,178 317.3,178.1 317.4,178.3 317.5,178.4 317.6,178.5 317.7,178.7 317.8,178.8 317.9,178.9 318,179.1 318.1,179.2 318.2,179.3 318.3,179.4 318.4,179.6 318.6,179.7 318.7,179.8 318.8,179.9 318.9,180.1 319,180.2 319.1,180.3 319.2,180.4 319.3,180.6 319.4,180.7 319.5,180.8 319.6,180.9 319.7,181.1 319.8,181.2 319.9,181.3 320,181.4 320.1,181.5 320.2,181.7 320.3,181.8 320.4,181.9 320.5,182 320.6,182.1 320.7,182.2 320.8,182.4 320.9,182.5 321,182.6 321.1,182.7 321.2,182.8 321.2,182.9 321.3,183 321.4,183.2 321.5,183.3 321.6,183.4 321.7,183.5 321.8,183.6 321.9,183.7 322,183.8 322.1,183.9 322.2,184 322.3,184.2 322.4,184.3 322.5,184.4 322.6,184.5 322.7,184.6 322.8,184.7 322.9,184.8 323,184.9 323.1,185 323.1,185.1 323.2,185.2 323.3,185.3 323.4,185.4 323.5,185.5 323.6,185.6 323.7,185.7 323.8,185.8 323.9,185.9 324,186 324.1,186.1 324.2,186.2 324.2,186.3 324.3,186.4 324.4,186.5 324.5,186.6 324.6,186.7 324.7,186.8 324.8,186.9 324.9,187 325,187.1 325.1,187.2 325.1,187.3 325.2,187.4 325.3,187.5 325.4,187.6 325.5,187.7 325.6,187.8 325.7,187.9 325.8,188 325.8,188.1 325.9,188.2 326,188.3 326.1,188.4 326.2,188.5 326.3,188.6 326.4,188.6 326.5,188.7 326.5,188.8 326.6,188.9 326.7,189 326.8,189.1 326.9,189.2 327,189.3 327.1,189.4 327.1,189.5 327.2,189.5 327.3,189.6 327.4,189.7 327.5,189.8 327.6,189.9 327.6,190 327.7,190.1 327.8,190.2 327.9,190.2 328,190.3 328.1,190.4 328.1,190.5 328.2,190.6 328.3,190.7 328.4,190.8 328.5,190.8 328.6,190.9 328.6,191 328.7,191.1 328.8,191.2 328.9,191.3 329,191.3 329,191.4 329.1,191.5 329.2,191.6 329.3,191.7 329.4,191.7 329.4,191.8 329.5,191.9 329.6,192 329.7,192.1 329.8,192.1 329.8,192.2 329.9,192.3 330,192.4 330.1,192.5 330.2,192.5 330.2,192.6 330.3,192.7 330.4,192.8 330.5,192.9 330.6,192.9 330.6,193 330.7,193.1 330.8,193.2 330.9,193.2 331,193.3 331,193.4 331.1,193.5 331.2,193.5 331.3,193.6 331.3,193.7 331.4,193.8 331.5,193.8 331.6,193.9 331.6,194 331.7,194.1 331.8,194.1 331.9,194.2 332,194.3 332,194.3 332.1,194.4 332.2,194.5 332.3,194.6 332.3,194.6 332.4,194.7 332.5,194.8 332.6,194.8 332.6,194.9 332.7,195 332.8,195.1 332.9,195.1 332.9,195.2 333,195.3 333.1,195.3 333.2,195.4 333.2,195.5 333.3,195.5 333.4,195.6 333.4,195.7 333.5,195.7 333.6,195.8 333.7,195.9 333.7,195.9 333.8,196 333.9,196.1 334,196.1 334,196.2 334.1,196.3 334.2,196.3 334.2,196.4 334.3,196.5 334.4,196.5 334.5,196.6 334.5,196.7 334.6,196.7 334.7,196.8 334.7,196.9 334.8,196.9 334.9,197 335,197 335,197.1 335.1,197.2 335.2,197.2 335.2,197.3 335.3,197.4 335.4,197.4 335.5,197.5 335.5,197.6 335.6,197.6 335.7,197.7 335.7,197.7 335.8,197.8 335.9,197.9 335.9,197.9 336,198 336.1,198 336.2,198.1 336.2,198.2 336.3,198.2 336.4,198.3 336.4,198.3 336.5,198.4 336.6,198.5 336.6,198.5 336.7,198.6 336.8,198.6 336.8,198.7 336.9,198.8 337,198.8 337,198.9 337.1,198.9 337.2,199 337.2,199 337.3,199.1 337.4,199.2 337.4,199.2 337.5,199.3 337.6,199.3 337.6,199.4 337.7,199.4 337.8,199.5 337.8,199.6 337.9,199.6 338,199.7 338,199.7 338.1,199.8 338.2,199.8 338.2,199.9 338.3,199.9 338.4,200 338.4,200 338.5,200.1 338.6,200.2 338.6,200.2 338.7,200.3 338.8,200.3 338.8,200.4 338.9,200.4 339,200.5 339,200.5 339.1,200.6 339.2,200.6 339.2,200.7 339.3,200.7 339.3,200.8 339.4,200.8 339.5,200.9 339.5,201 339.6,201 339.7,201.1 339.7,201.1 339.8,201.2 339.9,201.2 339.9,201.3 340,201.3 340.1,201.4 340.1,201.4 340.2,201.5 340.2,201.5 340.3,201.6 340.4,201.6 340.4,201.7 340.5,201.7 340.6,201.8 340.6,201.8 340.7,201.9 340.7,201.9 340.8,202 340.9,202 340.9,202.1 341,202.1 341.1,202.2 341.1,202.2 341.2,202.3 341.2,202.3 341.3,202.3 341.4,202.4 341.4,202.4 341.5,202.5 341.5,202.5 341.6,202.6 341.7,202.6 341.7,202.7 341.8,202.7 341.8,202.8 341.9,202.8 342,202.9 342,202.9 342.1,203 342.2,203 342.2,203.1 342.3,203.1 342.3,203.1 342.4,203.2 342.5,203.2 342.5,203.3 342.6,203.3 342.6,203.4 342.7,203.4 342.7,203.5 342.8,203.5 342.9,203.6 342.9,203.6 343,203.6 343,203.7 343.1,203.7 343.2,203.8 343.2,203.8 343.3,203.9 343.3,203.9 343.4,204 343.5,204 343.5,204 343.6,204.1 343.6,204.1 343.7,204.2 343.7,204.2 343.8,204.3 343.9,204.3 343.9,204.3 344,204.4 344,204.4 344.1,204.5 344.2,204.5 344.2,204.6 344.3,204.6 344.3,204.6 344.4,204.7 344.4,204.7 344.5,204.8 344.6,204.8 344.6,204.8 344.7,204.9 344.7,204.9 344.8,205 344.8,205 344.9,205 345,205.1 345,205.1 345.1,205.2 345.1,205.2 345.2,205.3 345.2,205.3 345.3,205.3 345.3,205.4 345.4,205.4 345.5,205.5 345.5,205.5 345.6,205.5 345.6,205.6 345.7,205.6 345.7,205.7 345.8,205.7 345.8,205.7 345.9,205.8 346,205.8 346,205.8 346.1,205.9 346.1,205.9 346.2,206 346.2,206 346.3,206 346.3,206.1 346.4,206.1 346.5,206.2 346.5,206.2 346.6,206.2 346.6,206.3 346.7,206.3 346.7,206.3 346.8,206.4 346.8,206.4 346.9,206.5 346.9,206.5 347,206.5 347.1,206.6 347.1,206.6 347.2,206.6 347.2,206.7 347.3,206.7 347.3,206.7 347.4,206.8 347.4,206.8 347.5,206.9 347.5,206.9 347.6,206.9 347.6,207 347.7,207 347.7,207 347.8,207.1 347.9,207.1 347.9,207.1 348,207.2 348,207.2 348.1,207.3 348.1,207.3 348.2,207.3 348.2,207.4 348.3,207.4 348.3,207.4 348.4,207.5 348.4,207.5 348.5,207.5 348.5,207.6 348.6,207.6 348.6,207.6 348.7,207.7 348.7,207.7 348.8,207.7 348.8,207.8 348.9,207.8 349,207.8 349,207.9 349.1,207.9 349.1,207.9 349.2,208 349.2,208 349.3,208 349.3,208.1 349.4,208.1 349.4,208.1 349.5,208.2 349.5,208.2 349.6,208.2 349.6,208.3 349.7,208.3 349.7,208.3 349.8,208.4 349.8,208.4 349.9,208.4 349.9,208.5 350,208.5 350,208.5 350.1,208.6 350.1,208.6 350.2,208.6 350.2,208.7 350.3,208.7 350.3,208.7 350.4,208.8 350.4,208.8 350.5,208.8 350.5,208.9 350.6,208.9 350.6,208.9 350.7,209 350.7,209 350.8,209 350.8,209 350.9,209.1 350.9,209.1 351,209.1 351,209.2 351.1,209.2 351.1,209.2 351.2,209.3 351.2,209.3 351.3,209.3 351.3,209.4 351.4,209.4 351.4,209.4 351.5,209.4 351.5,209.5 351.6,209.5 351.6,209.5 351.7,209.6 351.7,209.6 351.8,209.6 351.8,209.7 351.8,209.7 351.9,209.7 351.9,209.7 352,209.8 352,209.8 352.1,209.8 352.1,209.9 352.2,209.9 352.2,209.9 352.3,210 352.3,210 352.4,210 352.4,210 352.5,210.1 352.5,210.1 352.6,210.1 352.6,210.2 352.7,210.2 352.7,210.2 352.8,210.2 352.8,210.3 352.9,210.3 352.9,210.3 352.9,210.4 353,210.4 353,210.4 353.1,210.4 353.1,210.5 353.2,210.5 353.2,210.5 353.3,210.5 353.3,210.6 353.4,210.6 353.4,210.6 353.5,210.7 353.5,210.7 353.6,210.7 353.6,210.7 353.6,210.8 353.7,210.8 353.7,210.8 353.8,210.9 353.8,210.9 353.9,210.9 353.9,210.9 354,211 354,211 354.1,211 354.1,211 354.2,211.1 354.2,211.1 354.2,211.1 354.3,211.1 354.3,211.2 354.4,211.2 354.4,211.2 354.5,211.3 354.5,211.3 354.6,211.3 354.6,211.3 354.7,211.4 354.7,211.4 354.8,211.4 354.8,211.4 354.8,211.5 354.9,211.5 354.9,211.5 355,211.5 355,211.6 355.1,211.6 355.1,211.6 355.2,211.6 355.2,211.7 355.2,211.7 355.3,211.7 355.3,211.7 355.4,211.8 355.4,211.8 355.5,211.8 355.5,211.8 355.6,211.9 355.6,211.9 355.6,211.9 355.7,211.9 355.7,212 355.8,212 355.8,212 355.9,212 355.9,212.1 356,212.1 356,212.1" fill="none" stroke="#2f6fe4" stroke-width="2.8" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-linecap="round"></polyline><line x1="231.4" y1="56" x2="231.4" y2="234" stroke="#2f6fe4" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-dasharray="3 4"></line><text x="237.4" y="52" font-size="13" font-weight="600" fill="#2459c2" text-anchor="start">노이즈 작을 때: 세부</text></svg><p class="ill-sub"><b>(나)</b> 가장 크게 어긋나는 방향</p></div></div><figcaption>논문의 식을 거듭제곱 꼴 스펙트럼(λ<sub>k</sub> ∝ k<sup>-1.2</sup>, 차원 1,000, 표본 150)에 넣어 계산한 값. (가) 표본이 유한한 디노이저는 평균적으로 노이즈를 σ²보다 큰 κ(σ²)로 본 것과 같아서(결과 4.1), 분산이 작은 방향일수록 더 많이 줄인다. (나) 두 분할이 어긋나는 정도는 λ/(λ+κ)²에 비례해 분산이 κ와 같은 방향에서 가장 크다(결과 4.2). 자연 이미지는 저주파일수록 분산이 크므로, 노이즈가 크면 윤곽에서, 작으면 세부에서 어긋난다.</figcaption></figure>
</section>
</section>
<section id="결과-해설" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="결과-해설">결과 해설</h2>
<p><strong>심층망의 두 국면(6장, 그림 5A, 5B).</strong> 분할 크기 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n">을 300부터 3만까지 바꿔 UNet은 9개 설정 전부, DiT는 일부에서 학습했다. <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%5Cle1000">에서는 샘플이 학습 이미지를 대체로 재현하는 암기 국면으로, 선형 이론의 범위 밖이다. <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%5Cge3000">부터는 학습 분할과 대조 분할까지의 거리가 비슷해지는 재정규화 국면이고, <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n">이 커질수록 샘플이 선형 예측기에 가까워진다. <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n=3000">에서는 예측대로 과수축이 보여 얼굴이 평균 얼굴처럼 매끈해지고 중하위 고유 모드의 분산이 모자란다. 이 편향은 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n">이 3만 무렵이면 사라진다.</p>
<p><strong>어디서 어긋날지 예측하기(6장, 그림 5E, 5F).</strong> 고유 모드별 분할 간 차이는 이론이 예측한 비등방성 모양을 따른다. <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n">을 늘리면 차이는 주로 상위 모드에서 줄고, 중하위 모드는 그대로이거나 오히려 덜 일관해진다. 세부 묘사가 일관되려면 훨씬 많은 데이터가 필요하다. 시드별로는 모집단 공분산과 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n">만 넣은 RMT 예측이 FFHQ64 UNet(<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n=30000">)의 실제 불일치와 Spearman 0.33(시드 1,000개, <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?p=2.5%5Ctimes10%5E%7B-26%7D">)으로 상관했다. 분할이나 아키텍처 정보 없이 나온 예측이다.</p>
</section>
<section id="의심해볼-점" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="의심해볼-점">의심해볼 점</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>선형 이론은 기준선이다.</strong> 평균과 공분산으로 설명되는 부분만 다룬다. 심층망의 불일치가 이론보다 훨씬 크다는 것은 설명되지 않은 비선형 요인이 크다는 뜻이다. “일관성은 가우시안 통계 때문”이 아니라 “일관성의 상당 부분은”으로 읽어야 한다.</li>
<li><strong>가정.</strong> 평균 추정 오차를 무시하고(<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%5Cmu=%5Cmu">) 공분산의 흔들림만 본다. 저자들은 높은 노이즈에서 이론이 덜 맞는 이유를 경험적 평균의 차이로 추정한다(부록 B.3). 샘플 결과는 초기 노이즈가 매우 크다는 근사와 고차원 극한에 기댄다.</li>
<li><strong>실험 범위.</strong> 32, 64픽셀 무조건부 픽셀 공간 모델이고 기본 학습은 5만 스텝이다. 25만 스텝까지 늘리면 샘플은 선형 예측기로 다가갔다가 멀어지고, 멀어질수록 분할 간 일관성도 낮아지며, 데이터가 적을수록 이탈이 일찍 온다(부록 B.4.7). 텍스트 조건부 모델, 잠재 확산(latent diffusion), 대형 모델에서도 같은 구조가 유지되는지는 아직 모른다.</li>
<li><strong>범위 밖의 샘플러.</strong> 분석 대상은 결정론적 ODE의 샘플링 사상(sampling map)이며, 확률적 샘플러의 일관성은 다루지 않는다.</li>
</ul>
<section id="리뷰어들이-짚은-점" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="리뷰어들이-짚은-점">리뷰어들이 짚은 점</h3>
<p>ICML 2026 심사 기록은 OpenReview에 공개돼 있다. 리뷰어 네 명은 최종적으로 모두 수락(5점)을 줬고, 쟁점은 대부분 선형 이론이 어디까지 통하느냐에 모였다.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>선형 이론과 실제 모델 사이의 다리.</strong> 한 리뷰어는 선형으로 단순화한 모델이 실제로 학습된 비선형 모델과 어떻게 이어지는지 근거가 부족하다고 봤다. 그림 1과 6의 생성 품질이 EDM으로 얻을 수 있는 수준보다 눈에 띄게 낮아 학습이 덜 된 것 아니냐는 지적도 했다. 저자들은 학습 도중 생성 샘플과 선형 예측기 사이의 평균 제곱 오차를 추적하는 실험을 추가했다. 모든 모델이 학습 초반에 선형 예측기에 가장 가까워졌다. 그 뒤 암기 국면(분할 크기 300, 1,000)에서는 오차가 최소값의 약 2.8배로 다시 벌어졌지만, 일반화 국면(30,000)에서는 1.08배에 그쳤다. 이 리뷰어는 답변을 보고 점수를 3점에서 5점으로 올렸다.</li>
<li><strong>같은 도구를 쓴 선행 연구.</strong> 선형 디노이저를 랜덤 행렬 이론으로 분석한 흐름이 이미 있다는 지적이 나왔다. OptShrink, Gavish와 Donoho의 최적 특잇값 수축, Cui와 Zdeborová의 디노이징 오토인코더 점근 분석 등이다. 깊은 선형망이나 학습 동역학까지 넣을 수 있는지도 질문으로 남았다.</li>
<li><strong>가우시안 가정의 범위.</strong> 설명이 공유된 가우시안 통계에 크게 기대므로 가우시안이 아닌 데이터에서는 어떤가라는 질문이 나왔다. 저자들은 준가우시안(sub-Gaussian) 분포까지는 랜덤 행렬의 보편성 결과로 넘어가지만, 꼬리가 두꺼운 분포에서는 일관성이 떨어질 수 있다고 답했다. 같은 리뷰어는 생성 데이터의 공분산을 일관되게 추정하는 방향도 제안했고, 저자들은 이를 Ledoit-Wolf 류의 수축 추정과 연결했다.</li>
<li><strong>설명하지 못한 것.</strong> 고차 모멘트, 아키텍처 사이의 차이, 그리고 GAN과 VAE에서는 왜 같은 현상이 없는지가 질문으로 나왔다. 저자들은 아키텍처 차이는 아직 설명하지 못한다고 인정했다. GAN과 VAE는 등방성 잠재 공간을 회전해도 같은 분포가 나오기 때문에, 학습마다 축이 달라질 수 있다고 답했다.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="계보" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="계보">계보</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Kadkhodaie, Guth, Simoncelli, Mallat (ICLR 2024 Outstanding Paper)</strong>: 겹치지 않는 데이터로 학습한 두 디노이저가 데이터가 충분하면 거의 같은 점수 함수를 배운다는 것을 보였다. 이 논문의 출발 관찰이다.</li>
<li><strong>Zhang et al.&nbsp;(ICML 2024)</strong>: 이 현상을 일관된 모델 재현성(consistent model reproducibility)이라 부르고 암기 국면과 일반화 국면을 나눴다.</li>
<li><strong>Wang, Vastola (TMLR)와 Li, Dai, Qu (NeurIPS 2024)</strong>: 학습된 점수 함수의 상당 부분이 가우시안 근사로 설명된다는 숨은 선형 구조를 보였다.</li>
<li><strong>Atanasov, Zavatone-Veth, Pehlevan</strong>: 고차원 회귀의 스케일링과 재정규화. <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ckappa">를 재정규화된 릿지로 읽는 관점의 배경이다.</li>
<li><strong>옆 갈래</strong>: Kamb, Ganguli (2024), Niedoba et al.&nbsp;(2024), Lukoianov et al.&nbsp;(2025)은 국소성(locality)과 패치 조합으로 일반화를 설명한다. 가우시안 기준선이 놓친 부분을 채울 후보다. Bonnaire et al.&nbsp;(NeurIPS 2025)은 두 시간 척도로 암기가 늦게 오는 이유를 설명한다.</li>
<li><strong>후속</strong>: 인용 4편(Semantic Scholar, 2026년 9월). Maillard, Goldt (2026)는 선형 생성 모델에서 암기가 일반화로 넘어가는 전이를 해석적으로 정확히 풀었다.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="열린-질문" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="열린-질문">열린 질문</h2>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>가우시안 너머의 불일치.</strong> 선형 이론이 설명하지 못하는 심층망의 나머지 불일치는 어떤 데이터 통계에서 오는가. 국소 패치 통계나 고차 모멘트를 반영한 기준선은 이 간극을 얼마나 메우는가. 꼬리가 두꺼운 데이터에서는 일관성이 어떤 모양으로 무너지는가.</li>
<li><strong>조건부 모델과 잠재 공간.</strong> 텍스트 조건부 모델이나 잠재 확산에서도 불일치의 스펙트럼 지도가 유지되는가. 유지된다면 어떤 공분산이 기준이 되는가.</li>
<li><strong>노이즈 공간의 기하.</strong> 데이터 공분산이 초기 노이즈 공간에 축을 새긴다면, 시드의 안정성과 품질은 이 축으로 얼마나 설명되는가.</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="이해-확인" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="이해-확인">이해 확인</h2>
<div class="quiz-q" data-answer="2">
<p><strong>1. 표본이 유한한 선형 디노이저가 샘플을 평균 쪽으로 끌어당기는 까닭은?</strong></p>
<ol type="1">
<li>표본 공분산이 모든 방향의 분산을 크게 잡기 때문이다</li>
<li>유한한 데이터의 효과가 노이즈를 σ²보다 큰 κ(σ²)로 본 것과 같아서, 분산이 작은 방향을 더 세게 줄이기 때문이다</li>
<li>학습이 덜 되어 디노이저가 평균만 내놓기 때문이다</li>
<li>두 분할의 평균이 달라서 그 중간으로 가기 때문이다</li>
</ol>
<div class="quiz-why">
<p>모집단 디노이저는 분산이 λ인 방향을 λ/(λ+σ²)만큼 남긴다. 표본이 유한하면 기댓값이 σ² 대신 더 큰 κ(σ²)를 넣은 것과 같아진다(결과 4.1). 두 계수의 비 (λ+σ²)/(λ+κ)는 λ가 작을수록 더 작으므로, 세부 묘사 같은 저분산 방향이 상대적으로 더 깎이고 샘플은 평균 쪽으로 끌려간다.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quiz-q" data-answer="3">
<p><strong>2. 노이즈 수준이 정해졌을 때, 두 분할의 디노이저가 가장 크게 어긋나는 주성분 방향은?</strong></p>
<ol type="1">
<li>분산이 가장 큰 방향</li>
<li>분산이 가장 작은 방향</li>
<li>분산이 재정규화된 노이즈 κ와 비슷한 방향</li>
<li>방향과 상관없이 고르게 어긋난다</li>
</ol>
<div class="quiz-why">
<p>어긋남의 비등방성 항은 λ/(λ+κ)²이라 λ = κ에서 가장 크다. 분산이 훨씬 큰 방향은 두 디노이저 모두 거의 그대로 통과시키고, 훨씬 작은 방향은 둘 다 거의 0으로 누르니 의견이 같다. 자연 이미지는 저주파일수록 분산이 커서, 노이즈가 크면 윤곽에서, 작으면 세부에서 어긋난다.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quiz-q" data-answer="4">
<p><strong>3. 시드별 불일치를 RMT로 예측할 때 필요하지 않은 정보는?</strong></p>
<ol type="1">
<li>모집단 공분산의 고윳값과 고유벡터</li>
<li>데이터 크기 n</li>
<li>초기 노이즈</li>
<li>어떤 분할로 학습했고 어떤 아키텍처를 썼는지</li>
</ol>
<div class="quiz-why">
<p>예측에는 모집단 공분산, 데이터 크기, 초기 노이즈만 들어간다. 분할과 아키텍처 정보 없이도 FFHQ64 UNet의 실제 불일치와 스피어만 0.33으로 상관했다. 다만 n이 1,000 이하인 암기 국면에서는 결과가 개별 학습 이미지에 달려 있어 이 예측이 무너진다.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="논문-정보" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="논문-정보">논문 정보</h2>
<ul>
<li>제목: A Random Matrix Theory Perspective on the Consistency of Diffusion Models</li>
<li>저자: Binxu Wang, Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth, Cengiz Pehlevan (Harvard University)</li>
<li>학회: ICML 2026 Oral, Outstanding Paper Honorable Mention</li>
<li>링크: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02908">arXiv 2602.02908</a>, <a href="https://openreview.net/forum?id=iPjuUQbkfl">OpenReview</a>, <a href="https://animadversio.github.io/diffusion-consistency-rmt/">프로젝트 페이지</a>, <a href="https://github.com/Animadversio/diffusion-consistency-rmt">코드</a></li>
</ul>


</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>ML 논문</category>
  <category>생성 모델</category>
  <category>딥러닝의 과학</category>
  <guid>https://priors.kr/posts/2026-09-25-diffusion-consistency-rmt.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 15:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://priors.kr/posts/figs/2026-09-25-diffusion-consistency-rmt-share.png" medium="image" type="image/png" height="76" width="144"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>LLM 논문이 절반에 가까워진 학회에서, 연구할 틈은 어디에 남았을까</title>
  <link>https://priors.kr/posts/2026-09-24-research-room-map.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 

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<section id="한눈에" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="한눈에">한눈에</h2>
<ul>
<li>ICLR, ICML, NeurIPS의 2022~2026년 논문 7만 8,679편(채택작 4만 4,460편)을 제목과 초록의 뜻에 따라 150개 주제로 묶었다.</li>
<li>채택작 가운데 초록에 LLM 관련 표현을 쓴 논문은 2022년 3.9%에서 2026년 45.2%로 늘었다. 150개 주제 중 41개가 LLM 중심 주제였다.</li>
<li>나머지 109개 주제에 성장, 리뷰어 평가, 미해결 문제, 진입 장벽, 혼잡도를 합친 여지 점수를 매겼다. 1위부터 차례로 MCMC와 신경 샘플러, 온라인 학습 이론, 플로우 매칭과 정규화 플로우, 메커니즘 설계, 계산 신경과학이다.</li>
<li>이 다섯 주제는 가중치를 무작위로 2,000번 바꿔도 76~97%의 경우 상위 10위에 남았다. 상위 10개 주제에서 초록에 대규모 연산 표현이 나오는 논문은 많아야 7.3%다.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="왜-이-지도를-그렸나" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="왜-이-지도를-그렸나">왜 이 지도를 그렸나</h2>
<p>이 블로그는 논문을 화제성보다 연구 가치로 고른다. 매달 테마를 정할 때도 같은 기준이 필요하다. 어느 주제에 관심이 모이는지, 어디에 아직 풀리지 않은 문제가 많은지, 어디라면 GPU 몇 장으로도 의미 있는 연구를 할 수 있는지 한눈에 보고 싶었다. 감으로 고르면 결국 요즘 가장 자주 보이는 주제를 고르게 되고, 요즘 가장 자주 보이는 주제는 LLM이다.</p>
<p>그래서 세 학회 5년치 논문으로 지도를 그렸다. 이 지도가 재는 것은 주제의 중요도가 아니라 들어갈 틈이다. 오래되고 중요한 분야라도 이미 붐비고 방법이 성숙했다면 점수가 낮게 나온다. 점수가 높다고 더 중요한 주제라는 뜻도 아니다.</p>
<p>LLM 중심 주제는 순위에서 뺐다. LLM 연구의 가치가 낮아서가 아니다. 붐비는 곳 바깥에서 틈을 찾는 것이 이 지도의 목적이고, 이 블로그는 LLM과 에이전트 논문을 일주일에 한 편 이하로 다루기로 했다. 뺀 주제도 흐름을 비교할 때 쓰고, 아래 조절기와 주제별 수치 파일에서는 함께 볼 수 있다.</p>
</section>
<section id="데이터와-방법" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="데이터와-방법">데이터와 방법</h2>
<section id="자료" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="자료">자료</h3>
<p>Paper Copilot이 OpenReview와 학회 공식 페이지에서 모아 공개한 논문 목록(paperlists)을 썼다. ICLR은 2022~2026년 투고작 전체를, ICML은 2022~2026년 채택작을, NeurIPS는 2022~2025년 채택작을 넣었다. 모두 본 트랙만 셌고 초록이 없는 항목은 뺐다. 합치면 7만 8,679편이고, 그중 채택작은 4만 4,460편(ICLR 1만 3,991편, ICML 1만 5,270편, NeurIPS 1만 5,199편)이다. 탈락작은 주제를 묶을 때와 ICLR 채택률을 비교할 때만 썼고, 지표는 모두 채택작으로 계산했다. NeurIPS 2026 채택작은 목록이 공개되면 다음 판에 넣는다.</p>
<p>수집본이 원본과 맞는지 보려고 ICLR 2024~2026, ICML 2026, NeurIPS 2025에서 무작위로 50편을 골라 OpenReview와 대조했다. 50편 모두 제목과 채택 여부가 같았다.</p>
</section>
<section id="주제-묶기" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="주제-묶기">주제 묶기</h3>
<p>제목과 초록을 문장 임베딩 모델(BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5)로 벡터로 바꾸고 k-평균(k-means)으로 150개 묶음을 만들었다. 묶음마다 다른 묶음과 구별되는 단어, 저자 키워드, 대표 논문 제목을 보고 이름을 붙였다. 연구 대상이 LLM이나 시각 언어 모델(VLM), LLM 기반 에이전트인 묶음 41개는 LLM 중심 주제로 표시했다.</p>
</section>
<section id="여지-점수" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="여지-점수">여지 점수</h3>
<p>주제마다 다섯 지표를 쟀다(표 1).</p>
<div class="rrm-tablewrap">
<table class="caption-top table">
<caption>표 1. 여지 점수를 이루는 다섯 지표.</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%">
<col style="width: 25%">
<col style="width: 25%">
<col style="width: 25%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">지표</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">무엇을 보나</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">어떻게 쟀나</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">가중치</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">상대 성장률</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">관심이 느는가</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">LLM 중심 주제를 뺀 채택작 안에서 이 주제가 차지하는 비율이 해마다 변한 정도. 2023~2026년, 학회 차이를 보정한 포아송 회귀</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">30%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">리뷰어 평가</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">학계가 가치 있게 보는가</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">유의성, 독창성 같은 리뷰어 점수를 학회와 연도별로 표준화한 평균, 그리고 oral과 spotlight 비율. 두 백분위의 평균</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">20%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">미해결 표현</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">열린 문제가 많은가</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">초록에 “아직 잘 이해되지 않았다”, “처음으로” 같은 표현이 나오는 논문의 비율</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">15%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">낮은 진입 장벽</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">작은 자원으로 할 수 있는가</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">초록에 수십억 파라미터, 대규모 사전학습, 실제 로봇 실험 같은 표현이 나오는 논문의 비율. 낮을수록 좋다</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">25%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">덜 붐빔</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">아직 덜 붐비는가</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">2025~2026년 채택작 가운데 이 주제의 점유율. 낮을수록 좋다</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">10%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>각 지표를 LLM 중심 주제를 뺀 109개 주제 안의 백분위로 바꾼 뒤 가중합했다. 점수는 0과 1 사이이고 높을수록 여지가 크다. 진입 장벽에 두 번째로 큰 가중치를 준 것은 GPU 몇 장으로 연구하는 사람을 기준으로 삼았기 때문이다. 연산 자원이 넉넉하다면 아래 조절기에서 이 가중치를 내려 보면 된다.</p>
<p>성장률을 전체 채택작이 아니라 LLM 중심 주제를 뺀 나머지와 견준 데는 이유가 있다. LLM 논문이 워낙 빨리 늘어서, 전체와 견주면 거의 모든 주제가 쪼그라드는 것처럼 보인다. 나머지 주제 안에서 비중이 느는지를 봐야 관심이 어디로 옮겨 가는지 드러난다.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="흐름-채택작-두-편-중-한-편-가까이가-llm" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="흐름-채택작-두-편-중-한-편-가까이가-llm">흐름: 채택작 두 편 중 한 편 가까이가 LLM</h2>
<figure class="rrm-fig figure"><svg class="rrm-desk" viewbox="0 0 680 300" aria-label="LLM 관련 논문 비중: 채택작 3.9%에서 45.2%로, ICLR 투고작 4.2%에서 46.8%로"><line class="rrm-gl" x1="44" y1="220.8" x2="538" y2="220.8"></line><line class="rrm-gl" x1="44" y1="175.6" x2="538" y2="175.6"></line><line class="rrm-gl" x1="44" y1="130.4" x2="538" y2="130.4"></line><line class="rrm-gl" x1="44" y1="85.2" x2="538" y2="85.2"></line><line class="rrm-gl" x1="44" y1="40.0" x2="538" y2="40.0"></line><text class="rrm-ax" x="36" y="270.5" text-anchor="end">0</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="36" y="225.3" text-anchor="end">10</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="36" y="180.1" text-anchor="end">20</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="36" y="134.9" text-anchor="end">30</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="36" y="89.7" text-anchor="end">40</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="36" y="44.5" text-anchor="end">50</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="36" y="28" text-anchor="end">%</text><line class="rrm-bl" x1="44" y1="266.0" x2="538" y2="266.0"></line><text class="rrm-ax" x="44.0" y="292" text-anchor="middle">2022</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="165.5" y="292" text-anchor="middle">2023</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="287.0" y="292" text-anchor="middle">2024</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="408.5" y="292" text-anchor="middle">2025</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="530.0" y="292" text-anchor="middle">2026</text><line x1="44" y1="12" x2="66" y2="12" stroke="#1c1c1c" stroke-width="2.25"></line><text class="rrm-ax" x="72" y="16">세 학회 채택작</text><line x1="176" y1="12" x2="198" y2="12" stroke="#949494" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="5 4"></line><text class="rrm-ax" x="204" y="16">ICLR 투고작 (탈락 포함)</text><polyline points="44.0,246.8 165.5,232.9 287.0,167.7 408.5,102.5 530.0,54.4" fill="none" stroke="#949494" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="5 4" stroke-linejoin="round"></polyline><g><title>2022년 ICLR 투고작: 4.2%</title><circle cx="44.0" cy="246.8" r="4.5" fill="#949494" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2023년 ICLR 투고작: 7.3%</title><circle cx="165.5" cy="232.9" r="4.5" fill="#949494" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2024년 ICLR 투고작: 21.8%</title><circle cx="287.0" cy="167.7" r="4.5" fill="#949494" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2025년 ICLR 투고작: 36.2%</title><circle cx="408.5" cy="102.5" r="4.5" fill="#949494" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2026년 ICLR 투고작: 46.8%</title><circle cx="530.0" cy="54.4" r="4.5" fill="#949494" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><polyline points="44.0,248.4 165.5,223.7 287.0,159.9 408.5,111.4 530.0,61.7" fill="none" stroke="#1c1c1c" stroke-width="2.25" stroke-linejoin="round"></polyline><g><title>2022년 세 학회 채택작: 3.9%</title><circle cx="44.0" cy="248.4" r="4.5" fill="#1c1c1c" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2023년 세 학회 채택작: 9.4%</title><circle cx="165.5" cy="223.7" r="4.5" fill="#1c1c1c" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2024년 세 학회 채택작: 23.5%</title><circle cx="287.0" cy="159.9" r="4.5" fill="#1c1c1c" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2025년 세 학회 채택작: 34.2%</title><circle cx="408.5" cy="111.4" r="4.5" fill="#1c1c1c" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2026년 세 학회 채택작: 45.2%</title><circle cx="530.0" cy="61.7" r="4.5" fill="#1c1c1c" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><text class="rrm-dlm" x="542.0" y="48.4">ICLR 투고작 46.8%</text><text class="rrm-dl" x="542.0" y="77.7">채택작 45.2%</text><text class="rrm-dl rrm-halo" x="51.0" y="238.4">3.9%</text></svg><svg class="rrm-mob" viewbox="0 0 360 266" aria-label="LLM 관련 논문 비중: 채택작 3.9%에서 45.2%로, ICLR 투고작 4.2%에서 46.8%로"><line class="rrm-gl" x1="30" y1="195.6" x2="312" y2="195.6"></line><line class="rrm-gl" x1="30" y1="159.2" x2="312" y2="159.2"></line><line class="rrm-gl" x1="30" y1="122.8" x2="312" y2="122.8"></line><line class="rrm-gl" x1="30" y1="86.4" x2="312" y2="86.4"></line><line class="rrm-gl" x1="30" y1="50.0" x2="312" y2="50.0"></line><text class="rrm-ax" x="22" y="236.5" text-anchor="end">0</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="22" y="200.1" text-anchor="end">10</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="22" y="163.7" text-anchor="end">20</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="22" y="127.3" text-anchor="end">30</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="22" y="90.9" text-anchor="end">40</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="22" y="54.5" text-anchor="end">50</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="22" y="38" text-anchor="end">%</text><line class="rrm-bl" x1="30" y1="232.0" x2="312" y2="232.0"></line><text class="rrm-ax" x="30.0" y="258" text-anchor="middle">2022</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="98.5" y="258" text-anchor="middle">2023</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="167.0" y="258" text-anchor="middle">2024</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="235.5" y="258" text-anchor="middle">2025</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="304.0" y="258" text-anchor="middle">2026</text><line x1="30" y1="12" x2="52" y2="12" stroke="#1c1c1c" stroke-width="2.25"></line><text class="rrm-ax" x="58" y="16">세 학회 채택작</text><line x1="30" y1="30" x2="52" y2="30" stroke="#949494" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="5 4"></line><text class="rrm-ax" x="58" y="34">ICLR 투고작 (탈락 포함)</text><polyline points="30.0,216.6 98.5,205.3 167.0,152.8 235.5,100.3 304.0,61.6" fill="none" stroke="#949494" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="5 4" stroke-linejoin="round"></polyline><g><title>2022년 ICLR 투고작: 4.2%</title><circle cx="30.0" cy="216.6" r="4.5" fill="#949494" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2023년 ICLR 투고작: 7.3%</title><circle cx="98.5" cy="205.3" r="4.5" fill="#949494" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2024년 ICLR 투고작: 21.8%</title><circle cx="167.0" cy="152.8" r="4.5" fill="#949494" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2025년 ICLR 투고작: 36.2%</title><circle cx="235.5" cy="100.3" r="4.5" fill="#949494" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2026년 ICLR 투고작: 46.8%</title><circle cx="304.0" cy="61.6" r="4.5" fill="#949494" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><polyline points="30.0,217.8 98.5,197.9 167.0,146.5 235.5,107.5 304.0,67.4" fill="none" stroke="#1c1c1c" stroke-width="2.25" stroke-linejoin="round"></polyline><g><title>2022년 세 학회 채택작: 3.9%</title><circle cx="30.0" cy="217.8" r="4.5" fill="#1c1c1c" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2023년 세 학회 채택작: 9.4%</title><circle cx="98.5" cy="197.9" r="4.5" fill="#1c1c1c" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2024년 세 학회 채택작: 23.5%</title><circle cx="167.0" cy="146.5" r="4.5" fill="#1c1c1c" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2025년 세 학회 채택작: 34.2%</title><circle cx="235.5" cy="107.5" r="4.5" fill="#1c1c1c" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><g><title>2026년 세 학회 채택작: 45.2%</title><circle cx="304.0" cy="67.4" r="4.5" fill="#1c1c1c" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"></circle></g><text class="rrm-dlm" x="311.0" y="55.6">46.8%</text><text class="rrm-dl" x="311.0" y="83.4">45.2%</text><text class="rrm-dl rrm-halo" x="37.0" y="207.8">3.9%</text></svg><figcaption><b>그림 1.</b> 초록에 LLM 관련 표현을 쓴 논문의 비중. 채택작은 ICLR, ICML, NeurIPS를 합친 값이다. 2026년은 ICLR과 ICML만 들어갔다. LLM 관련 표현은 LLM, 언어 모델, 인컨텍스트 학습, 사고 사슬, LLM 에이전트 같은 말을 정규식으로 잡았다.</figcaption></figure>
<p>초록에 LLM 관련 표현을 쓴 채택작은 2022년 3.9%에서 2024년 23.5%, 2026년 45.2%로 늘었다(그림 1). ICLR 투고작도 4.2%에서 46.8%로 같은 길을 걸었다. LLM 중심 주제를 뺀 채택작의 비중은 ICLR에서 90.0%에서 57.5%로, ICML에서 94.6%에서 61.7%로(2022~2026년), NeurIPS에서 91.7%에서 71.1%로(2022~2025년) 줄었다. 2023년 이후 추세로 보면 해마다 약 12%씩 줄어든 셈이다.</p>
<p>심사가 이 쏠림을 누그러뜨리지도 않았다. 2024~2026년 ICLR에서 LLM 중심 주제의 채택률은 30.2%(1만 3,569편 중)로, 나머지 주제의 28.5%(2만 5,320편 중)보다 오히려 조금 높았다.</p>
<p>LLM 중심 주제는 연산 부담도 크다. 초록에 대규모 연산 표현이 나오는 논문의 비율을 주제별로 구해 중앙값을 보면 LLM 중심 주제가 17.1%, 나머지 주제가 6.1%다. <strong>블로그의 해석</strong>: 많은 연구진이 같은 문제를 큰 연산으로 푸는 곳에서 작은 연구실이 속도로 겨루기는 어렵다. 이 지도가 LLM 바깥을 들여다보는 이유다.</p>
</section>
<section id="지도" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="지도">지도</h2>
<figure class="rrm-fig figure"><p class="rrm-hint">그림을 옆으로 밀면 오른쪽 주제까지 보인다.</p><div class="rrm-scroll"><svg class="rrm-wide" viewbox="0 0 720 470" aria-label="LLM 중심 주제를 뺀 109개 주제의 상대 성장률과 대규모 연산 표현 비율. 상위 10위는 모두 대규모 연산 표현이 8% 미만이다"><line class="rrm-gl" x1="50" y1="308.6" x2="704" y2="308.6"></line><line class="rrm-gl" x1="50" y1="201.1" x2="704" y2="201.1"></line><line class="rrm-gl" x1="50" y1="93.7" x2="704" y2="93.7"></line><text class="rrm-ax" x="42" y="420.5" text-anchor="end">0</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="42" y="313.1" text-anchor="end">10</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="42" y="205.6" text-anchor="end">20</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="42" y="98.2" text-anchor="end">30</text><text class="rrm-at" x="42" y="26" text-anchor="start" dx="-40">대규모 연산 표현 비율 (%)</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="57.0" y="435" text-anchor="middle">-40</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="126.5" y="435" text-anchor="middle">-20</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="196.1" y="435" text-anchor="middle">0</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="265.7" y="435" text-anchor="middle">+20</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="335.3" y="435" text-anchor="middle">+40</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="404.8" y="435" text-anchor="middle">+60</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="474.4" y="435" text-anchor="middle">+80</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="544.0" y="435" text-anchor="middle">+100</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="613.6" y="435" text-anchor="middle">+120</text><text class="rrm-ax" x="683.1" y="435" text-anchor="middle">+140</text><text class="rrm-at" x="704" y="462" text-anchor="end">상대 성장률 (%/년, LLM 중심 주제를 뺀 채택작 대비)</text><line class="rrm-bl" x1="50" y1="416.0" x2="704" y2="416.0"></line><line x1="196.1" y1="34" x2="196.1" y2="416.0" stroke="#a8a8a4" stroke-width="1"></line><line x1="50" y1="350.8" x2="704" y2="350.8" stroke="#a8a8a4" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="4 4"></line><circle cx="134.0" cy="401.4" r="14.0" fill="#b5b5b5" fill-opacity="0.85" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="103"></circle><circle cx="278.3" 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data-id="131"></circle><circle cx="168.5" cy="375.3" r="8.2" fill="#b5b5b5" fill-opacity="0.85" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="74"></circle><circle cx="139.1" cy="407.8" r="8.2" fill="#1c1c1c" fill-opacity="1" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="114"></circle><circle cx="70.5" cy="358.6" r="8.2" fill="#b5b5b5" fill-opacity="0.85" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="7"></circle><circle cx="150.2" cy="325.1" r="8.2" fill="#b5b5b5" fill-opacity="0.85" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="112"></circle><circle cx="104.0" cy="416.0" r="8.1" fill="#b5b5b5" fill-opacity="0.85" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="16"></circle><circle cx="180.9" cy="373.4" r="8.1" fill="#b5b5b5" fill-opacity="0.85" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="148"></circle><circle cx="206.1" cy="184.0" r="8.1" fill="#b5b5b5" fill-opacity="0.85" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="135"></circle><circle cx="81.1" cy="232.6" r="8.0" fill="#b5b5b5" fill-opacity="0.85" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="100"></circle><circle cx="207.0" cy="312.3" r="7.9" fill="#b5b5b5" fill-opacity="0.85" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="137"></circle><circle cx="232.1" cy="356.9" r="7.8" fill="#b5b5b5" fill-opacity="0.85" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" data-id="47"></circle><text class="rrm-nt rrm-halo" x="202.1" y="39">비LLM 전체와 같은 속도</text><text class="rrm-nt rrm-halo" x="54" y="345.8">중앙값 6.1%</text><text class="rrm-nt rrm-halo" x="700" y="408.0" text-anchor="end">빨리 크고 연산 부담이 작은 쪽</text><text class="rrm-rk rrm-halo" x="273.4" y="404.7" text-anchor="start">1</text><text class="rrm-rk rrm-halo" x="169.5" y="411.8" text-anchor="start">2</text><text class="rrm-rk rrm-halo" x="451.6" y="385.0" text-anchor="start">3</text><text class="rrm-rk rrm-halo" x="224.7" y="396.7" text-anchor="start">4</text><text class="rrm-rk rrm-halo" x="177.6" y="384.8" text-anchor="end">5</text><text class="rrm-rk rrm-halo" x="460.7" y="349.4" text-anchor="start">6</text><text class="rrm-rk rrm-halo" x="99.9" y="407.5" text-anchor="end">7</text><text class="rrm-rk rrm-halo" x="141.7" y="394.6" text-anchor="middle">8</text><text class="rrm-rk rrm-halo" x="393.0" y="342.5" text-anchor="start">9</text><line x1="139.1" y1="398.7" x2="139.1" y2="379.7" stroke="#5a5a5a" stroke-width="1"></line><text class="rrm-rk rrm-halo" x="139.1" y="377.7" text-anchor="middle">10</text><text class="rrm-dlm rrm-halo" x="278.3" y="357.2" text-anchor="middle">16위 확산 모델 이론</text><text class="rrm-dlm rrm-halo" x="671.8" y="249.6" text-anchor="end">18위 자기회귀 이미지 생성</text><text class="rrm-dlm rrm-halo" x="417.2" y="174.2" text-anchor="start">22위 EEG, fMRI 뇌 디코딩</text></svg></div><div class="rrm-tip" hidden=""></div><figcaption><b>그림 2.</b> LLM 중심 주제를 뺀 109개 주제의 지도. 가로축은 LLM 중심 주제를 뺀 채택작 안에서 이 주제의 점유율이 해마다 변한 비율(2023~2026년), 세로축은 초록에 대규모 연산 표현(수십억 파라미터, 대규모 사전학습, 실제 로봇 실험 같은 말)이 나오는 논문의 비율이다. 원의 넓이는 2023~2026년 채택작 수, 검은 원과 숫자는 여지 점수 상위 10위다. 원을 가리키거나 누르면 주제별 수치가 나온다.</figcaption></figure><script>
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<p>그림 2는 109개 주제를 상대 성장률과 대규모 연산 표현 비율로 펼친 것이다. 오른쪽으로 갈수록 LLM 바깥에서 관심이 빨리 늘고, 아래로 갈수록 초록에 큰 연산을 드러내는 표현이 적다. 오른쪽 아래가 작은 자원으로 들어가기 좋은 쪽이다.</p>
<p>109개 가운데 50개 주제가 LLM 바깥 전체보다 빨리 컸다. 하지만 LLM까지 포함한 전체 채택작에서 비중이 늘어난 주제는 34개뿐이다. LLM 바깥에서 크고 있다는 말이 곧 전체에서 크고 있다는 뜻은 아니다.</p>
<p>빨리 크지만 순위는 높지 않은 주제도 눈여겨볼 만하다. 자기회귀 이미지 생성(18위)은 상대 성장률이 연 140%로 109개 중 가장 빠르지만, 초록에 대규모 연산 표현이 나오는 논문이 15.9%다. EEG, fMRI 뇌 디코딩(22위)도 연 60%로 빠르게 크지만 그 비율이 22.9%다. 확산 모델 이론과 샘플링(16위)은 연 24%로 크고 연산 부담도 3.9%로 작지만, 이미 LLM 바깥에서 가장 붐비는 주제라 덜 붐빔 점수가 꼴찌다.</p>
</section>
<section id="상위-주제" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="상위-주제">상위 주제</h2>
<div class="rrm-tablewrap">
<table class="caption-top table">
<caption>표 2. 여지 점수 상위 10개 주제. 상대 성장률은 연간 변화율이다. 상위 10위 유지는 가중치를 기본값 근처에서 무작위로 2,000번 바꿨을 때 상위 10위 안에 남은 비율이다.</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%">
<col style="width: 39%">
<col style="width: 13%">
<col style="width: 13%">
<col style="width: 13%">
<col style="width: 13%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: right;">순위</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">주제</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">여지 점수</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">상대 성장률</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">대규모 연산 표현</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">상위 10위 유지</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">MCMC와 신경 샘플러</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.73</td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="rrm-up">+18%</span></td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.5%</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">97%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">온라인 학습 이론</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.71</td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="rrm-dn">-11%</span></td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.8%</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">89%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">플로우 매칭과 정규화 플로우</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.69</td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="rrm-up">+70%</span></td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.3%</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">79%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">4</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">메커니즘 설계, 시장과 경매</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.68</td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="rrm-up">+4%</span></td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.2%</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">82%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">5</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">계산 신경과학과 신경 회로</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.67</td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="rrm-dn">-1%</span></td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.3%</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">76%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">6</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">딥페이크 탐지와 얼굴 인식</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.65</td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="rrm-up">+73%</span></td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6.6%</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">58%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">7</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">게임 이론과 내쉬 균형 학습</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.65</td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="rrm-dn">-24%</span></td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.2%</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">58%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">8</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">SGD 수렴 이론</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.64</td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="rrm-dn">-16%</span></td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.8%</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">47%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">9</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">인간 모션 생성과 애니메이션</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.63</td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="rrm-up">+53%</span></td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7.3%</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">46%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">10</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">인과 표현 학습과 식별성</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.63</td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="rrm-dn">-16%</span></td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.8%</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">44%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>상위 10개는 두 갈래로 나뉜다(표 2). 절반은 LLM 바깥 전체보다 빨리 크는 주제이고, 나머지 절반은 비중은 줄지만 리뷰어 평가가 높고 연산 부담이 작은 주제다. 10개 가운데 8개는 대규모 연산 표현 비율이 109개 주제의 중앙값(6.1%)보다 낮고, 가장 높은 인간 모션 생성도 7.3%다. 상위 5개 주제는 2024~2026년 ICLR 채택률이 32.8~45.9%로, 같은 기간 ICLR 전체 채택률 29.1%보다 높았다.</p>
<section id="위-가중치를-흔들어도-남는-곳" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="위-가중치를-흔들어도-남는-곳">1~5위: 가중치를 흔들어도 남는 곳</h3>
<p><strong>1위 MCMC와 신경 샘플러.</strong> LLM 바깥 전체보다 해마다 18%씩 빨리 크고, 대규모 연산 표현은 1.5%에 그친다. 리뷰어 평가 백분위는 91이다. 대표 논문을 보면 볼츠만 분포처럼 정규화 상수를 모르는 분포에서 신경망으로 표본을 뽑는 연구(“Autoregressive Boltzmann Generators”, ICML 2026 spotlight)와 로그 오목 분포 샘플링의 이산화 오차를 줄이는 연구(“Poisson Midpoint Method for Log Concave Sampling”, ICLR 2026)가 함께 있다.</p>
<p><strong>2위 온라인 학습 이론.</strong> 비중은 LLM 바깥 전체보다 해마다 11%씩 줄지만, 리뷰어 평가 백분위가 92로 높고 대규모 연산 표현은 0.8%로 거의 없다. 초록의 11.0%에 미해결 표현이 나온다. 경쟁이 적고 증명으로 기여할 수 있는 틈새다. NeurIPS 2025 oral인 “Optimal Mistake Bounds for Transductive Online Learning”이 이 주제에 속한다.</p>
<p><strong>3위 플로우 매칭과 정규화 플로우.</strong> LLM 바깥 전체보다 해마다 70%씩 빨리 크고 있고, 2026년 ICLR에는 이 주제로 139편이 투고됐다. 연속 공간에서 시작한 틀이 이산 경로(“Flow Matching with General Discrete Paths”, ICLR 2025 oral)와 임의의 마르코프 과정(“Generator Matching”, ICLR 2025 oral)으로 넓어지고 있다.</p>
<p><strong>4위 메커니즘 설계, 시장과 경매.</strong> ML과 경제학이 만나는 곳이다. 성장은 LLM 바깥 전체보다 조금 빠른 정도(연 4%)지만 리뷰어 평가 백분위가 84이고 대규모 연산 표현은 2.2%다. 예측을 기다리는 비용(“The Hidden Cost of Waiting for Accurate Predictions”, ICLR 2025 oral)이나 LLM으로 사회적 학습을 이끄는 문제(“Steering the Herd”, ICLR 2026 oral)처럼 새 질문이 들어오고 있다.</p>
<p><strong>5위 계산 신경과학과 신경 회로.</strong> 초록에 미해결 표현이 나오는 비율이 19.1%로 109개 주제 가운데 가장 높고, 리뷰어 평가 백분위도 88이다. 뇌 데이터와 모델을 잇는 문제가 넓게 열려 있다는 뜻으로 읽힌다. NeurIPS 2025 spotlight인 “Vector Quantization in the Brain: Grid-like Codes in World Models”가 이 주제에 속한다.</p>
</section>
<section id="위-무엇을-중시하느냐에-따라-바뀌는-곳" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="위-무엇을-중시하느냐에-따라-바뀌는-곳">6~10위: 무엇을 중시하느냐에 따라 바뀌는 곳</h3>
<p>6~10위는 가중치를 무작위로 바꿨을 때 상위 10위에 남은 비율이 44~58%다.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>딥페이크 탐지와 얼굴 인식</strong>(6위)은 연 73%로 빠르게 크지만, 2024~2026년 ICLR 채택률은 16.3%로 전체(29.1%)보다 한참 낮다. 투고는 몰리는데 통과는 어렵다. 얼굴 인식과 인물 재식별이 한 묶음에 섞여 있어 경계도 흐리다.</li>
<li><strong>게임 이론과 내쉬 균형 학습</strong>(7위)은 리뷰어 평가 백분위가 91이고 대규모 연산 표현이 1.2%지만, 비중이 해마다 24%씩 줄고 있다.</li>
<li><strong>SGD 수렴 이론</strong>(8위)은 비중이 해마다 16%씩 줄지만 초록의 12.9%에 미해결 표현이 나오고 대규모 연산 표현은 0.8%다.</li>
<li><strong>인간 모션 생성과 애니메이션</strong>(9위)은 연 53%로 크고 있다. 음성에 맞춰 움직이는 아바타와 제스처 생성으로 응용이 넓어지는 중이다.</li>
<li><strong>인과 표현 학습과 식별성</strong>(10위)은 2025~2026년 채택작 점유율이 0.26%로 상위 10개 가운데 가장 덜 붐빈다.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="여지가-작은-곳" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="여지가-작은-곳">여지가 작은 곳</h3>
<p>하위 10개에는 이미지 분할, 연합학습, 퓨샷 분류, 모델 병합, 도메인 적응, 프루닝, 객체 탐지 같은 기법 분야가 몰려 있다. 10개 모두 LLM 바깥 전체보다 비중이 줄거나 제자리이고, 8개는 리뷰어 평가 백분위가 50보다 낮다. 연구할 가치가 없다는 뜻은 아니다. <strong>블로그의 해석</strong>: 방법이 성숙해서 기존 방법을 조금 바꾸는 정도로는 새 기여를 보이기 어려운 곳이다.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="이-지도를-얼마나-믿을까" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="이-지도를-얼마나-믿을까">이 지도를 얼마나 믿을까</h2>
<section id="가중치를-흔들어-보기" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="가중치를-흔들어-보기">가중치를 흔들어 보기</h3>
<p>가중치는 판단이다. 그래서 기본 가중치 근처에서 디리클레 분포로 가중치를 2,000번 뽑아 순위를 다시 매겼다. 상위 5개는 76~97%의 경우 상위 10위에 남았고, 6~10위는 44~58%였다.</p>
<p>극단적인 설정도 따로 봤다. 가중치를 모두 20%로 똑같이 두면 상위 10개 가운데 6개가 그대로 남는다. 진입 장벽 가중치를 0으로 두면 5개, 성장률을 50%로 올리면 5개, 리뷰어 평가를 40%로 올리면 7개가 남는다. LLM 중심 주제까지 순위에 넣으면 LLM과 VLM의 환각 탐지, LLM 에이전트 보안, LLM으로 사람의 행동을 시뮬레이션하는 연구, 사고 사슬 추론이 상위 10위에 들어온다.</p>
<p>가중치를 직접 바꿔 볼 수 있게 조절기를 붙였다. 자기 조건에 맞게 가중치를 바꾸면 순위가 바로 다시 계산된다.</p>
<div class="rrm-ex">
<div class="rrm-presets" aria-label="가중치 예시"><button type="button" data-p="base" aria-pressed="true">기본 (GPU 몇 장)</button><button type="button" data-p="equal" aria-pressed="false">균등</button><button type="button" data-p="nobar" aria-pressed="false">진입 장벽 무시</button><button type="button" data-p="growth" aria-pressed="false">성장 위주</button><button type="button" data-p="value" aria-pressed="false">평가 위주</button></div>
<div class="rrm-sliders"><label><span>상대 성장률</span><input type="range" id="rrm-w-growth" min="0" max="100" step="1" value="30" data-k="growth" aria-label="상대 성장률 가중치"><b>30</b></label><label><span>리뷰어 평가</span><input type="range" id="rrm-w-value" min="0" max="100" step="1" value="20" data-k="value" aria-label="리뷰어 평가 가중치"><b>20</b></label><label><span>미해결 표현</span><input type="range" id="rrm-w-open" min="0" max="100" step="1" value="15" data-k="open" aria-label="미해결 표현 가중치"><b>15</b></label><label><span>낮은 진입 장벽</span><input type="range" id="rrm-w-lowbar" min="0" max="100" step="1" value="25" data-k="lowbar" aria-label="낮은 진입 장벽 가중치"><b>25</b></label><label><span>덜 붐빔</span><input type="range" id="rrm-w-uncrowd" min="0" max="100" step="1" value="10" data-k="uncrowd" aria-label="덜 붐빔 가중치"><b>10</b></label></div>
<div class="rrm-opts"><label><input type="checkbox" id="rrm-llm" class="rrm-llm"> LLM 중심 주제도 순위에 넣기</label>
<input type="search" id="rrm-q" class="rrm-q" placeholder="주제 검색 (예: 확산, 그래프, robot)" aria-label="주제 검색"></div>

<table class="caption-top">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th class="n" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th">순위</th>
<th data-quarto-table-cell-role="th">주제</th>
<th class="n" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th">점수</th>
<th class="n" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th">기본 순위</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
</tbody>
</table>

<p class="rrm-note">점수는 다섯 지표 백분위의 가중합을 가중치 합으로 나눈 값이다. 검색하지 않으면 상위 12개를 보여 준다. LLM 중심 주제를 넣으면 150개 전체 안의 백분위를 쓴다.</p>
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Expressivity and Length Generalization", 0, 14, [0.7339, 0.8761, 0.9541, 0.1376, 0.4495], [0.56, 0.88, 0.9533, 0.3267, 0.52]], [83, "인과 발견과 구조 학습", "Causal Discovery and Structure Learning", 0, 15, [0.5505, 0.922, 0.0642, 0.8165, 0.4312], [0.42, 0.92, 0.0533, 0.8667, 0.5067]], [3, "확산 모델 이론과 샘플링", "Diffusion Model Theory and Sampling", 0, 16, [0.789, 0.6193, 0.5872, 0.6055, 0.0], [0.6133, 0.6133, 0.5533, 0.7133, 0.0]], [18, "학습 동역학과 특징 학습 이론", "Training Dynamics and Feature Learning", 0, 17, [0.2294, 0.8349, 0.9725, 0.6789, 0.4404], [0.1667, 0.8333, 0.9667, 0.7667, 0.5133]], [131, "자기회귀 이미지 생성", "Autoregressive Image Generation", 0, 18, [1.0, 0.3532, 0.8991, 0.1009, 0.6055], [0.9733, 0.3367, 0.8733, 0.26, 0.7]], [103, "고차원 통계와 학습 이론", "High-Dimensional Statistics and Learning Theory", 0, 19, [0.211, 0.9679, 0.6881, 0.8991, 0.0183], [0.1533, 0.97, 0.66, 0.9267, 0.0467]], [61, "희소, 선형 어텐션 설계", "Sparse and Linear Attention", 0, 20, [0.9266, 0.8028, 0.7523, 0.0459, 0.0917], [0.8067, 0.81, 0.72, 0.14, 0.1333]], [115, "클러스터링 알고리즘", "Clustering Algorithms", 0, 21, [0.4495, 0.7752, 0.1927, 0.9083, 0.2477], [0.34, 0.7667, 0.1667, 0.9333, 0.32]], [92, "EEG, fMRI 뇌 디코딩", "Brain Decoding from EEG and fMRI", 0, 22, [0.9174, 0.7294, 0.8165, 0.0092, 0.1927], [0.7867, 0.7267, 0.7867, 0.0733, 0.28]], [35, "신경망 일반화와 암기", "Generalization and Memorization", 0, 23, [0.0734, 0.8257, 0.9266, 0.6697, 0.7064], [0.0533, 0.8367, 0.9333, 0.76, 0.78]], [95, "비볼록, 바이레벨 최적화", "Nonconvex and Bilevel Optimization", 0, 24, [0.1835, 0.8349, 0.5688, 0.9358, 0.211], [0.1333, 0.83, 0.5367, 0.9533, 0.2933]], [22, "멀티암드, 문맥적 밴딧", "Multi-Armed and Contextual Bandits", 0, 25, [0.1468, 0.6468, 0.8899, 0.945, 0.1651], [0.1067, 0.65, 0.86, 0.96, 0.24]], [15, "ReLU 신경망 근사, 손실 지형", "ReLU Network Approximation and Landscapes", 0, 26, [0.1193, 0.7431, 0.8257, 0.8624, 0.3486], [0.0867, 0.7533, 0.7933, 0.9, 0.42]], [102, "전이 가능한 적대적 공격", "Transferable Adversarial Attacks", 0, 27, [0.6147, 0.2385, 0.8073, 0.5321, 0.7156], [0.4667, 0.2233, 0.7733, 0.6533, 0.7867]], [89, "알고리즘 공정성", "Algorithmic Fairness", 0, 28, [0.1743, 0.5367, 0.8532, 0.789, 0.7248], [0.1267, 0.5233, 0.8267, 0.8467, 0.7933]], [91, "컨포멀 예측", "Conformal Prediction", 0, 29, [0.7431, 0.0275, 0.0826, 0.9817, 0.6972], [0.5667, 0.0233, 0.0667, 0.9867, 0.7733]], [138, "이미지 복원과 초해상화", "Image Restoration and Super-Resolution", 0, 30, [0.7706, 0.3211, 0.1284, 0.7982, 0.3945], [0.6, 0.3133, 0.1067, 0.8533, 0.46]], [94, "스파이킹 신경망(SNN)", "Spiking Neural Networks", 0, 31, [0.7982, 0.2936, 0.211, 0.633, 0.633], [0.62, 0.28, 0.18, 0.7333, 0.7267]], [33, "물리 시뮬레이션 대리 모델", "Neural Surrogates for Physics Simulation", 0, 32, [0.8257, 0.7569, 0.156, 0.3028, 0.5138], [0.6467, 0.7433, 0.14, 0.48, 0.6133]], [125, "그래프 생성과 동적 그래프", "Graph Generation and Dynamic Graphs", 0, 33, [0.633, 0.4633, 0.6514, 0.6147, 0.156], [0.48, 0.4567, 0.6333, 0.72, 0.2267]], [34, "NAS와 칩 설계 자동화", "NAS and Chip Design Automation", 0, 34, [0.5872, 0.7339, 0.344, 0.3486, 0.8532], [0.4467, 0.7333, 0.3233, 0.52, 0.8867]], [110, "동역학계 학습과 신경 ODE", "Dynamical Systems and Neural ODEs", 0, 35, [0.4954, 0.7936, 0.3303, 0.6422, 0.2844], [0.38, 0.79, 0.3133, 0.74, 0.3733]], [142, "베이지안, 블랙박스 최적화", "Bayesian and Black-Box Optimization", 0, 36, [0.422, 0.578, 0.4587, 0.7339, 0.4954], [0.32, 0.58, 0.42, 0.8067, 0.6]], [37, "강화학습 이론, 표본 복잡도", "RL Theory and Sample Complexity", 0, 37, [0.156, 0.5321, 0.9358, 0.844, 0.3853], [0.1133, 0.5333, 0.94, 0.8867, 0.4533]], [113, "추천 시스템", "Recommender Systems", 0, 38, [0.6881, 0.3807, 0.2706, 0.5688, 0.7706], [0.5267, 0.3767, 0.2367, 0.68, 0.8267]], [51, "확산 모델 기반 역문제", "Diffusion Models for Inverse Problems", 0, 39, [0.6789, 0.4266, 0.0275, 0.7706, 0.5321], [0.52, 0.4167, 0.02, 0.8333, 0.6267]], [126, "노이즈 레이블과 준지도 학습", "Noisy Labels and Semi-Supervised Learning", 0, 40, [0.2018, 0.7339, 0.4679, 0.8073, 0.5229], [0.1467, 0.74, 0.4267, 0.86, 0.62]], [39, "멀티모달 융합과 모달리티 불균형", "Multimodal Fusion and Modality Imbalance", 0, 41, [0.8899, 0.3853, 0.7248, 0.1743, 0.3303], [0.7267, 0.3767, 0.6867, 0.3733, 0.4067]], [50, "특징 기여도와 반사실적 설명", "Feature Attribution and Counterfactual Explanations", 0, 42, [0.2385, 0.5275, 0.3853, 0.8257, 0.8349], [0.1733, 0.5333, 0.3533, 0.8733, 0.8733]], [85, "트랜스포머 구조와 학습 동역학", "Transformer Architecture and Training Dynamics", 0, 43, [0.5046, 0.6927, 0.9633, 0.156, 0.4679], [0.3867, 0.69, 0.96, 0.3467, 0.5533]], [54, "처치 효과 추정과 인과 추론", "Treatment Effect Estimation", 0, 44, [0.4312, 0.5734, 0.1193, 0.8899, 0.3211], [0.3267, 0.5567, 0.1, 0.92, 0.4]], [74, "최적 수송과 와서스타인 거리", "Optimal Transport and Wasserstein Distances", 0, 45, [0.4128, 0.5642, 0.2294, 0.6239, 0.8807], [0.3067, 0.5667, 0.2, 0.7267, 0.9067]], [146, "인체 자세 추정과 3D 복원", "Human Pose Estimation and 3D Reconstruction", 0, 46, [0.7798, 0.3991, 0.1009, 0.4954, 0.6147], [0.6067, 0.3867, 0.08, 0.6267, 0.7133]], [56, "단백질 언어 모델과 유전체", "Protein Language Models and Genomics", 0, 47, [0.844, 0.5596, 0.7156, 0.0183, 0.3578], [0.66, 0.5433, 0.68, 0.08, 0.4333]], [65, "심층 강화학습 알고리즘", "Deep RL Algorithms", 0, 48, [0.4771, 0.6193, 0.6606, 0.5596, 0.0459], [0.3667, 0.6133, 0.64, 0.6733, 0.0933]], [11, "3D 가우시안 스플래팅", "3D Gaussian Splatting", 0, 49, [0.9817, 0.4266, 0.0367, 0.4037, 0.2202], [0.9133, 0.4233, 0.0333, 0.56, 0.3]], [26, "그래프 표현, 대조 학습", "Graph Representation and Contrastive Learning", 0, 50, [0.4037, 0.6789, 0.6147, 0.5505, 0.1835], [0.3, 0.69, 0.5867, 0.6667, 0.2733]], [123, "분산 최적화와 통신 압축", "Distributed Optimization and Communication Compression", 0, 51, [0.2661, 0.4404, 0.578, 0.6514, 0.8624], [0.1933, 0.4333, 0.5467, 0.7467, 0.8933]], [47, "테스트 시점 적응(TTA)", "Test-Time Adaptation", 0, 52, [0.6697, 0.0367, 0.4862, 0.5138, 0.9358], [0.5067, 0.03, 0.4467, 0.64, 0.9533]], [36, "단백질 구조와 3D 분자 생성", "Protein Structure and 3D Molecule Generation", 0, 53, [0.7248, 0.4174, 0.4954, 0.4587, 0.1284], [0.5533, 0.4067, 0.4533, 0.6, 0.1933]], [106, "딥러닝 옵티마이저와 학습률", "Deep Learning Optimizers", 0, 54, [0.5688, 0.5688, 0.9174, 0.211, 0.2752], [0.4333, 0.56, 0.9, 0.4, 0.3667]], [120, "3D 에셋, 장면 생성", "3D Asset and Scene Generation", 0, 55, [0.8716, 0.4862, 0.1376, 0.3945, 0.2385], [0.7067, 0.4767, 0.1133, 0.5533, 0.3133]], [24, "신경망 기반 조합 최적화", "Neural Combinatorial Optimization", 0, 56, [0.5596, 0.3761, 0.2202, 0.7523, 0.3028], [0.4267, 0.3633, 0.1867, 0.82, 0.3867]], [70, "확산 모델 설계와 학습", "Diffusion Model Design and Training", 0, 57, [0.6606, 0.6514, 0.6972, 0.2385, 0.0092], [0.5, 0.6433, 0.6667, 0.4267, 0.0333]], [136, "백도어 공격과 데이터 오염", "Backdoor Attacks and Data Poisoning", 0, 58, [0.3303, 0.1101, 0.789, 0.7064, 0.7431], [0.2467, 0.1033, 0.76, 0.7867, 0.8067]], [71, "인증된 강건성과 랜덤 스무딩", "Certified Robustness and Randomized Smoothing", 0, 59, [0.0183, 0.3991, 0.945, 0.6606, 0.9725], [0.0133, 0.3833, 0.9467, 0.7533, 0.98]], [17, "불확실성 정량화와 보정", "Uncertainty Quantification and Calibration", 0, 60, [0.2936, 0.3807, 0.3945, 0.7431, 0.789], [0.2133, 0.3667, 0.36, 0.8133, 0.84]], [62, "차분 프라이버시(DP)", "Differential Privacy", 0, 61, [0.2202, 0.9679, 0.6422, 0.4679, 0.1468], [0.16, 0.9667, 0.62, 0.6067, 0.22]], [132, "연속 학습과 파국적 망각", "Continual Learning and Catastrophic Forgetting", 0, 62, [0.6514, 0.4954, 0.6055, 0.2844, 0.3119], [0.4933, 0.4767, 0.58, 0.46, 0.3933]], [41, "의료 영상 분할과 병리 분석", "Medical Image Segmentation and Pathology", 0, 63, [0.8991, 0.4083, 0.3211, 0.1101, 0.5963], [0.74, 0.4067, 0.2967, 0.2867, 0.6933]], [127, "비디오 행동 인식과 추적", "Video Action Recognition and Tracking", 0, 64, [0.8165, 0.4862, 0.2706, 0.2202, 0.4587], [0.64, 0.4833, 0.2367, 0.41, 0.5467]], [57, "데이터 가치, 기여도와 선택", "Data Valuation, Attribution and Selection", 0, 65, [0.2844, 0.867, 0.7615, 0.4128, 0.0367], [0.2067, 0.87, 0.7333, 0.5667, 0.0667]], [13, "소재 과학과 원자 수준 모델링", "Materials Science and Atomistic Modeling", 0, 66, [0.7156, 0.5, 0.0092, 0.3761, 0.6789], [0.5467, 0.49, 0.0067, 0.54, 0.76]], [133, "기상, 기후 예측과 원격 탐사", "Weather, Climate and Remote Sensing", 0, 67, [0.8807, 0.4587, 0.2477, 0.1193, 0.5505], [0.72, 0.4367, 0.2133, 0.2933, 0.6467]], [99, "자율주행과 궤적 예측", "Autonomous Driving and Trajectory Prediction", 0, 68, [0.9358, 0.211, 0.1651, 0.3211, 0.4862], [0.8267, 0.2067, 0.1467, 0.5, 0.5733]], [134, "단일세포, 공간 전사체 분석", "Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics", 0, 69, [0.9725, 0.156, 0.5046, 0.055, 0.6422], [0.9, 0.15, 0.4667, 0.1467, 0.7333]], [135, "표 데이터 딥러닝", "Deep Learning for Tabular Data", 0, 70, [0.578, 0.4312, 0.7982, 0.0275, 0.8991], [0.44, 0.4267, 0.7667, 0.0867, 0.92]], [81, "시계열 표현 학습과 생성", "Time Series Representation and Generation", 0, 71, [0.6422, 0.4404, 0.5963, 0.1835, 0.5688], [0.4867, 0.44, 0.5667, 0.38, 0.66]], [86, "NeRF와 3D 장면 재구성", "NeRF and 3D Scene Reconstruction", 0, 72, [0.8073, 0.6101, 0.2569, 0.2477, 0.0826], [0.6267, 0.61, 0.22, 0.4333, 0.1267]], [122, "멀티에이전트 강화학습", "Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning", 0, 73, [0.5321, 0.1055, 0.3578, 0.7798, 0.422], [0.4067, 0.0967, 0.3333, 0.84, 0.48]], [118, "GAN과 생성 모델링 이론", "GANs and Generative Modeling Theory", 0, 74, [0.1651, 0.6697, 0.5596, 0.5046, 0.7798], [0.12, 0.67, 0.5267, 0.6333, 0.8333]], [139, "분포 외(OOD) 탐지", "Out-of-Distribution Detection", 0, 75, [0.1101, 0.0963, 0.6284, 0.9174, 0.9266], [0.08, 0.0867, 0.6033, 0.94, 0.9467]], [137, "개념 병목 모델(CBM)", "Concept Bottleneck Models", 0, 76, [0.5963, 0.0872, 0.7431, 0.2752, 0.8899], [0.4533, 0.08, 0.7067, 0.4533, 0.9133]], [141, "비지도 이상 탐지", "Unsupervised Anomaly Detection", 0, 77, [0.8349, 0.1376, 0.055, 0.4495, 0.6239], [0.6533, 0.13, 0.0467, 0.5933, 0.72]], [140, "모방 학습과 역강화학습", "Imitation Learning and Inverse RL", 0, 78, [0.3945, 0.4404, 0.4083, 0.4404, 0.8257], [0.2933, 0.44, 0.37, 0.5867, 0.8667]], [55, "로봇 조작과 VLA 모델", "Robot Manipulation and VLA Models", 0, 79, [0.9633, 0.789, 0.0459, 0.0, 0.0275], [0.86, 0.7833, 0.04, 0.0267, 0.06]], [16, "연합학습 보안과 프라이버시", "Federated Learning Security and Privacy", 0, 80, [0.0826, 0.1009, 0.422, 0.9908, 0.9633], [0.06, 0.0933, 0.38, 0.9933, 0.9733]], [31, "시계열 예측", "Time Series Forecasting", 0, 81, [0.8624, 0.422, 0.5321, 0.0642, 0.1193], [0.7, 0.4067, 0.4933, 0.1533, 0.18]], [143, "분자 성질 예측과 신약 개발", "Molecular Property Prediction and Drug Discovery", 0, 82, [0.6055, 0.289, 0.4495, 0.3853, 0.4128], [0.46, 0.2733, 0.4133, 0.5467, 0.4733]], [38, "월드 모델과 시각 강화학습", "World Models and Visual RL", 0, 83, [0.2569, 0.6697, 0.844, 0.1927, 0.578], [0.1867, 0.6667, 0.82, 0.3867, 0.6733]], [59, "안전, 강건 강화학습", "Safe and Robust RL", 0, 84, [0.367, 0.1101, 0.2936, 0.7615, 0.7523], [0.2733, 0.1033, 0.26, 0.8267, 0.8133]], [46, "3D 포인트 클라우드 학습", "3D Point Cloud Learning", 0, 85, [0.4862, 0.289, 0.2018, 0.4771, 0.844], [0.3733, 0.2767, 0.1733, 0.6133, 0.88]], [28, "대조적 자기지도 학습 이론", "Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning Theory", 0, 86, [0.055, 0.4587, 0.9817, 0.3394, 0.9174], [0.04, 0.4367, 0.98, 0.5133, 0.94]], [117, "적대적 훈련과 강건성", "Adversarial Training and Robustness", 0, 87, [0.0642, 0.0688, 0.8716, 0.7202, 0.8073], [0.0467, 0.06, 0.8467, 0.7967, 0.8533]], [19, "확산 정책과 궤적 계획", "Diffusion Policies and Planning", 0, 88, [0.7615, 0.5505, 0.0183, 0.2018, 0.2936], [0.5933, 0.54, 0.0133, 0.3933, 0.38]], [119, "비디오 생성과 편집", "Video Generation and Editing", 0, 89, [0.9908, 0.3119, 0.1835, 0.0917, 0.055], [0.94, 0.3, 0.16, 0.2133, 0.1]], [43, "GNN 메시지 전달과 표현력", "GNN Message Passing and Expressivity", 0, 90, [0.0459, 0.2844, 0.8349, 0.8349, 0.1101], [0.0333, 0.27, 0.8133, 0.88, 0.1733]], [40, "음성, 오디오와 음악 모델링", "Speech, Audio and Music Modeling", 0, 91, [0.6972, 0.5642, 0.2844, 0.1651, 0.0642], [0.5333, 0.57, 0.2467, 0.3667, 0.1133]], [79, "신경 연산자와 PDE", "Neural Operators and PDEs", 0, 92, [0.4587, 0.5092, 0.0917, 0.4862, 0.3761], [0.3533, 0.5067, 0.0733, 0.62, 0.4467]], [82, "표현 유사도와 객체 중심 학습", "Representation Similarity and Object-Centric Learning", 0, 93, [0.3761, 0.4495, 0.7798, 0.2661, 0.2294], [0.28, 0.4467, 0.75, 0.4467, 0.3067]], [107, "T2I 생성과 이미지 편집", "Text-to-Image Generation and Editing", 0, 94, [0.8532, 0.2018, 0.1101, 0.3303, 0.0734], [0.68, 0.1867, 0.0933, 0.5067, 0.12]], [128, "비전 트랜스포머(ViT)", "Vision Transformers", 0, 95, [0.3853, 0.555, 0.4312, 0.1284, 0.7339], [0.2867, 0.5467, 0.3933, 0.3133, 0.8]], [105, "임베딩 기반 정보 검색", "Embedding-Based Retrieval", 0, 96, [0.7064, 0.1881, 0.1468, 0.1468, 0.8165], [0.54, 0.18, 0.1333, 0.3333, 0.86]], [112, "지식 증류(KD)", "Knowledge Distillation", 0, 97, [0.3211, 0.1422, 0.5413, 0.3119, 0.9083], [0.2333, 0.13, 0.5, 0.4867, 0.9333]], [80, "변분 추론과 베이지안 딥러닝", "Variational Inference and Bayesian Deep Learning", 0, 98, [0.1927, 0.7982, 0.0734, 0.422, 0.4037], [0.14, 0.7967, 0.06, 0.5733, 0.4667]], [124, "탐색, 목표 조건 강화학습", "Exploration and Goal-Conditioned RL", 0, 99, [0.3394, 0.4266, 0.3028, 0.5229, 0.1009], [0.2533, 0.4167, 0.2667, 0.6467, 0.1667]], [0, "VAE와 희소 오토인코더", "VAEs and Sparse Autoencoders", 0, 100, [0.0917, 0.555, 0.4404, 0.2936, 0.945], [0.0667, 0.5533, 0.4, 0.4667, 0.96]], [5, "오프라인 강화학습", "Offline Reinforcement Learning", 0, 101, [0.1376, 0.4771, 0.367, 0.5872, 0.3394], [0.1, 0.4667, 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</section>
<section id="한계" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="한계">한계</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>근사 지표.</strong> 미해결 표현과 진입 장벽은 초록에 쓰인 표현을 정규식으로 센 값이다. 초록에 쓰지 않은 사정, 예를 들어 실제로 쓴 GPU 규모는 잡지 못한다. 거꾸로 과대평가하기도 한다. EEG, fMRI 뇌 디코딩에서 대규모 연산 표현으로 잡힌 61편 가운데 46편은 초록에 “파운데이션 모델”이라는 말이 있어서 잡혔다. 파운데이션 모델을 가져다 쓴 논문이 모두 큰 연산을 쓰지는 않는다.</li>
<li><strong>채택작 기준.</strong> ICML과 NeurIPS는 채택작만 있어서 성장률은 받아들여진 연구의 성장이다. 투고가 몰리는 정도와는 다를 수 있다.</li>
<li><strong>주제 경계.</strong> k-평균을 한 번 돌린 결과다. 경계가 흐린 주제는 설정을 바꾸면 합쳐지거나 쪼개질 수 있다. 딥페이크 탐지와 얼굴 인식처럼 성격이 다른 연구가 한 묶음에 들어간 경우도 있다.</li>
<li><strong>2026년은 반쪽.</strong> NeurIPS 2026이 빠져 있어서 2026년 수치는 ICLR과 ICML만 반영한다.</li>
<li><strong>여지와 중요도는 다르다.</strong> 점수는 들어갈 틈을 잰다. 오래되고 중요한 분야도 점수가 낮게 나올 수 있다.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="블로그는-이-지도를-이렇게-쓴다" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="블로그는-이-지도를-이렇게-쓴다">블로그는 이 지도를 이렇게 쓴다</h2>
<p>10월 테마는 “샘플링과 생성 모델의 수학”이다. 1위 MCMC와 신경 샘플러, 3위 플로우 매칭과 정규화 플로우, 16위 확산 모델 이론과 샘플링을 한데 묶었다. 16위 주제는 붐벼서 순위가 내려갔지만, <a href="https://blog.icml.cc/2026/07/05/announcing-the-icml-2026-awards/">ICML 2026 본 트랙 수상작</a> 7편 가운데 두 편(최우수 논문 1편, 우수 논문 가작 1편)이 이 주제에서 나왔다. 수상작이 두 편 나온 주제는 여기뿐이다. 세 주제 모두 대규모 연산 표현이 4% 아래라서, 증명과 작은 실험으로 기여할 여지가 크다는 점도 함께 봤다.</p>
<p>다음 테마 후보는 뇌 데이터와 계산 신경과학(5위, 22위), 그리고 덜 붐비는 학습 이론(2위, 7위, 8위)이다. 지도는 학회 시즌마다 다시 그린다. 다음 판에는 NeurIPS 2026 채택작과 ICLR 2027 투고작을 함께 넣는다. 두 목록이 모두 공개되는 11월쯤이 될 것이다.</p>
</section>
<section id="열린-질문" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="열린-질문">열린 질문</h2>
<ol type="1">
<li>진입 장벽을 초록의 표현이 아니라 실제 연산량으로 잴 수 있을까. NeurIPS 논문 체크리스트의 연산 자원 항목처럼 본문에 적힌 정보를 모으면 지표가 훨씬 정확해질 것이다.</li>
<li>여지 점수가 높았던 주제는 몇 년 뒤 실제로 좋은 연구를 낳았을까. 2022~2024년 자료만으로 점수를 매긴 뒤 2025~2026년의 수상작, oral 비율과 맞춰 보는 되짚기가 필요하다.</li>
<li>LLM은 다른 주제의 연구 방식을 얼마나 바꾸고 있을까. 메커니즘 설계 주제에서도 초록의 7.3%에 LLM 관련 표현이 나온다. 주제 경계가 흐려지는 속도를 재는 방법이 있어야 한다.</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="자료와-재현" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="자료와-재현">자료와 재현</h2>
<ul>
<li>원자료: <a href="https://github.com/papercopilot/paperlists">Paper Copilot paperlists</a>. 2026년 9월 23일에 내려받았고, 저장소의 마지막 갱신은 2026년 7월 1일이다.</li>
<li>범위: ICLR 2022~2026 투고작 전체, ICML 2022~2026 채택작, NeurIPS 2022~2025 채택작, 본 트랙. 7만 8,679편, 채택작 4만 4,460편.</li>
<li>원본 대조: ICLR 2024~2026, ICML 2026, NeurIPS 2025에서 무작위 50편을 OpenReview와 대조해 제목과 채택 여부가 모두 같음을 확인했다(2026년 9월 23일).</li>
<li>방법: 제목과 초록 임베딩은 BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5(최대 256토큰), 주제 묶기는 k-평균 150개(시드 7), 성장률은 학회 고정효과를 넣은 포아송 회귀, 가중치 민감도는 디리클레 분포에서 2,000번 추출.</li>
<li>주제별 수치: <a href="figs/research-room-map-2026-09.csv">CSV 파일</a>. 150개 주제의 순위, 다섯 지표의 원값과 백분위, 가중치 민감도를 담았다.</li>
</ul>


</section>

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  <category>연구 여지 지도</category>
  <category>학회 동향</category>
  <guid>https://priors.kr/posts/2026-09-24-research-room-map.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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